Résumés
Abstract
Adaptations are, in a sense, multi-layered vehicles for memories of literary (or other) originals. The audience’s memories of different media versions of the classic text coexist, compete and converge, creating an extensive multi-dimensional experience. How does their memory work when readers become viewers (or vice versa) and recondense many ideas, images, and feelings linked to specific narrative worlds? The paper centres around two metaphors for memory regimes – present explicitly or implicitly – in contemporary adaptation studies. The regime of a palimpsest is based on the organic memory; it describes the individual perception of narratives: the memory of the viewer or the reader activates the intertextual “richness” of the adaptation, comparing/juxtaposing/merging different media versions of one narrative world. The regime of a network regulates the “life” of narratives in collective/cultural memory, the way meaning is ascribed to particular stories throughout the centuries, and the mechanisms of production and dissemination of narratives by the cultural industries. Metaphors help elaborate on the differentiation between the individual and the collective, the fixed and the fluid in the process of adapting, between the conventional and the contingent. Through the analyses of four film adaptations of Romeo and Juliet and a recent TV series, using the tragedy’s motifs, this paper shows how the network regime uncovers ways to make the viewer’s memory “get side-tracked”, and recall what the viewer is unlikely to remember. Via networks adaptations make their audiences remember “prosthetically” and learn more about “real” spaces with their real problems, while being initially trapped into viewing by the familiarity of old fictional stories.
Keywords:
- Film Adaptation,
- Memory,
- Romeo and Juliet,
- Shakespeare
Résumé
Les adaptations sont des véhicules stratifiés de souvenirs d’originaux. Les souvenirs des différentes versions médiatiques du classique coexistent dans l’esprit du public, rivalisent et convergent, créant une vaste expérience multidimensionnelle. Comment fonctionne la mémoire lorsqu’un lecteur devient spectateur (ou vice versa) et « recondense » des idées, images ou sentiments liés à des univers narratifs spécifiques ? Cet article s’articule autour de deux métaphores de « régimes de mémoire », présentes dans les études contemporaines de l’adaptation. Le régime du palimpseste se fonde sur la mémoire organique, il décrit la perception individuelle des récits : la mémoire d’un spectateur/lecteur active la richesse intertextuelle de l’adaptation alors qu’il compare/juxtapose/combine différentes versions de l’univers narratif. Le régime du réseau règle la « vie » des récits dans la mémoire collective/culturelle, la manière dont le sens est attribué à travers des siècles, les mécanismes de production et de diffusion des récits. Ces métaphores permettent de distinguer l’individuel du collectif, le fixe du fluide, le conventionnel du contingent. À travers l’analyse de quatre adaptations de Roméo et Juliette, cet article montre comment le régime de réseau fait « dévier » la mémoire du public, lui rappelle ce dont il est peu susceptible de se souvenir, fait commuter mémoire et imagination. Par le réseau, le public se souvient de manière « prosthétique » et appréhende de vrais espaces avec de vrais problèmes, tout en visionnant un récit familier tout autant qu’ancestral.
Mots-clés :
- adaptation cinématographique,
- mémoire,
- Roméo et Juliette,
- Shakespeare
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- China Girl, United States, 1987, dir. Abel Ferrara.
- Romanoff and Juliet, United States, 1961, dir. Peter Ustinov.
- Romeo, Juliet and Darkness, Czechoslovakia, 1960, dir. Jirí Weiss.
- Snowdrop, South Korea, 2021—22, dir. Jo Hyun-tak.
- The Lovers of Verona, Germany, France, United Kingdom, 1949, dir. André Cayatte.
- Barthes, Roland, Image-Music-Text: Essays Selected and Translated by Stephen Heath, London: Fontana Press, 1977.
- Bloom, Harold, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human, New York: Riverhead, 1998.
- Dong, Sun-hwa, “Premature to Accuse JTBC drama Snowdrop of ‘distorting history’: experts”, The Korea Times, 12.09.2021, https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/art/2021/12/688_320282.html (last visited June 2022).
- Dracula in Visual Media: Film, Television, Comic Book and Electronic Game Appearances, 1921—2010, ed. by John Edgar Browning and Caroline Joan Picart, Jefferson: McFarland & Company, 2011.
- Erll, Astrid, Memory in Culture, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
- Genette, Gérard, Palimpsestes : La littérature au second degré, Paris; Seuil, 1982.
- Howard, Tony, “Shakespeare’s Cinematic Offshoots”, The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film, ed. by Russell Jackson, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007, p. 303 — 323.
- Hutcheon, Linda, A Theory of Adaptation, London, New York: Routledge, 2006; 2012.
- Iampolski, Mikhail, The Memory of Tiresias: Intertextuality and Film, Berkley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.
- Jenkins, Henry, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, New York, London: New York University Press, 2006.
- Landsberg, Alison, Prosthetic Memory: The Transformation of American Remembrance in the Age of Mass Culture, New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
- Lopez Szwydky, Lissette, Transmedia Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2020.
- McFarlane, Brian, Novel to Film: An Introduction to the Theory of Adaptation, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Moretti, Franco, Distant Reading, London, New York: Verso, 2013.
- Murray, Simone, The Adaptation Industry: The Cultural Economy of Contemporary Literary Adaptation, London, New York: Routledge, 2012.
- Newell, Kate, Expanding Adaptation Networks: From Illustration to Novelization, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
- Shakespeare, William, The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, The Complete Works (ed. by G. Taylor, J. Jowett, T. Bourus, G. Egan), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 1001—1077.
- Stam, Robert, Literature Through Film: Realism, Magic, and the Art of Adaptation, Malden, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.