Résumés
Résumé
Objectifs Cet article vise à résumer les étapes déterminantes du développement du modèle de détection et d’intervention précoce pour la psychose des 30 dernières années, et à recenser les écrits fondamentaux permettant d’identifier ses composantes essentielles et son efficacité.
Méthode Revue narrative de la littérature portant sur le développement international du modèle et contribuant à préconiser cette approche d’intervention chez les jeunes souffrant d’un premier épisode psychotique (PEP). Elle porte également sur diverses lignes directrices internationales et canadiennes révélant le consensus sur les composantes essentielles du modèle des programmes d’intervention pour premiers épisodes psychotiques (PPEP) et sur leur efficacité. Les enjeux et solutions pratiques pour faciliter l’implantation des différentes composantes essentielles seront présentés. L’accent est mis plus particulièrement sur le développement des PPEP dans le contexte québécois.
Résultats Les PPEP, appuyés sur un modèle développé au début des années 1990, sont aujourd’hui disséminés mondialement et déployés à grande échelle dans certains endroits, tels qu’au Royaume-Uni et au Québec. Leur propagation progressive a été favorisée par les efforts déployés pour en déterminer les objectifs principaux et les composantes essentielles pour atteindre ces objectifs, et par plusieurs études démontrant leur efficacité.
Parallèlement au changement de philosophie, vers une vision plus optimiste et nourrissant l’espoir, les PPEP ont mis l’accent sur 2 objectifs interreliés : réduire les délais de traitement (ou la durée de psychose non traitée) et maximiser l’engagement au suivi spécialisé adapté aux besoins spécifiques des jeunes sur le plan développemental et en fonction du stade du trouble psychotique. Une méta-analyse (2018) démontre la supériorité des PPEP comparativement au traitement usuel notamment sur le nombre d’hospitalisations, de rechutes symptomatiques, l’arrêt de traitement, le fonctionnement vocationnel et social. S’appuyant sur ces études et des consensus d’experts, plusieurs juridictions à travers le monde ont développé des lignes directrices afin d’assurer le respect de ces composantes essentielles associées à l’efficacité de l’intervention, tout en considérant la réalité de leur territoire. Parmi ces composantes sont priorisées : un accès rapide et facile, des soins et services adaptés aux jeunes, des interventions de proximité permettant la détection et la référence précoces, une pluralité d’interventions biopsychosociales (pharmacothérapie, psychothérapie cognitivo-comportementale, éducation psychologique, interventions familiales, interventions intégrées pour l’abus de substances, soutien à l’emploi et à l’éducation), une approche de prise de décision partagée et l’approche de case management intensif adaptée aux PEP, dans une équipe interdisciplinaire. L’évaluation continue des services éclaire les décisions cliniques et d’amélioration de la qualité des soins.
Conclusion Le modèle PPEP s’est développé progressivement et la recherche en a démontré l’efficacité. Une dissémination du modèle doit être fidèle aux valeurs fondamentales et aux différentes composantes essentielles pour en assurer l’efficacité et instiller l’espoir d’un rétablissement possible pour ces jeunes et leurs familles.
Mots-clés :
- intervention précoce,
- détection précoce,
- premier épisode psychotique,
- composantes essentielles,
- implantation de programme
Abstract
Objectives This article aims to synthesize the critical stages in the development of early detection and intervention services (EIS) for psychosis over the past 30 years, and to review key literature on the essential components and effectiveness of these programs.
Method We conducted a narrative review of the literature on the international development of EIS leading to its endorsement as a service delivery model for young people with first-episode psychosis (FEP). We also reviewed various international and Canadian guidelines to identify consensus about the essential components of EIS for psychosis and their effectiveness. Challenges to the implementation of these different essential components are presented, along with practical solutions to addressing them. A particular emphasis is placed on implementing EIS in the Quebec context.
Results Based on a model developed in the early 1990s, EIS for psychosis have now been disseminated worldwide and are deployed on a large scale in some regions, such as the United Kingdom and Quebec. The model’s gradual expansion has been facilitated by efforts to identify its main objectives and the components essential to achieve them, and by several studies demonstrating its effectiveness.
Along with an important philosophical shift to optimism and hope, EIS have typically focused on the twin aims of reducing treatment delay (or the duration of untreated psychosis) and enhancing engagement in specialized, phase-specific, developmentally appropriate treatment. A meta-analysis (published in 2018) demonstrated the superiority of EIS for psychosis compared to standard treatment on several outcomes including hospitalizations, relapse of symptoms, treatment discontinuation, and vocational and social functioning. Based on these studies and expert consensus, many jurisdictions around the world have developed guidelines to ensure compliance with essential components that are associated with the effectiveness of EIS, while accounting for their contextual realities. The components that have been prioritized include outreach to enable early identification and referral; rapid access to care and youth-friendly services; a range of biopsychosocial interventions (pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, family interventions, integrated substance use interventions, employment and educational support); a shared-decision making approach; and the intensive case management approach adapted to FEP, which are all delivered by an interdisciplinary team. There is also increasing acknowledgement of the value of continuous evaluation that informs treatment decision-making and quality improvement.
Conclusion EIS for psychosis have developed gradually and research has demonstrated its effectiveness. Disseminating the model in ways that ensure fidelity to its core values and the implementation of its essential components is needed to ensure effectiveness; and instill hope for recovery and improve the quality of lives of young people with psychosis and their families.
Keywords:
- early intervention,
- early detection,
- first-episode psychosis,
- essential components,
- program implementation
Parties annexes
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