Résumés
Résumé
Depuis quelques années, la présence de substances pharmaceutiques a été observée dans les milieux aquatiques y compris dans l’eau potable. Les principales sources de dispersion de ces composés dans l’environnement sont les stations d’épuration des eaux usées (STEP). Une analyse de la littérature publiée sur le sujet est proposée. Ce sont les analgésiques/anti-inflammatoires, les hypocholestérolémiants, les cytostatiques et les bêta-bloquants qui présentent les concentrations les plus élevées en entrée de station d’épuration. Malgré des rendements d’élimination quelquefois très élevés, les concentrations de ces groupes de médicaments restent non négligeables dans les effluents de stations.
Les antibiotiques forment un des plus importants groupes de médicaments à cause de leur niveau de consommation, de leur fréquence de détection dans les milieux aquatiques et de leur action spécifique sur les bactéries, notamment celle potentiellement néfaste qu’ils peuvent avoir sur les bactéries mises en oeuvre dans les systèmes de traitement biologique des eaux résiduaires urbaines. Globalement, la charge en antibiotiques est faible dans les eaux usées urbaines mais elle est forte dans les effluents des hôpitaux. Les rendements d’élimination sont, quant à eux très variables, allant de 0 % pour le nitrothiazole à 95 % pour la tétracycline.
Mots clés:
- antibiotique,
- bactérie,
- élimination,
- résistance,
- traitement des eaux usées
Abstract
For several years, the occurrence of pharmaceutical substances in the aquatic environment, and even in drinking water, has been a source of concern. The main sources of dispersion of these substances are wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). An analysis of the available literature on this topic is proposed. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cholesterol and cytostatic drugs as well as beta-blockers are the substances that can be found in the highest concentrations in plant influents. In spite of elimination yields that can be very high, their concentrations in plant effluents can remain non-negligible. Antibiotics are one of the most important drug classes, due to their large consumption, their prevalence in aquatic systems and their specific action on bacteria, especially on those used in urban wastewater treatment biosystems. Globally, antibiotic concentrations in urban wastewater are normally low but they can be high in hospital wastewater. Elimination yields are very variable, ranging from a low of 0% for nitrothiazole to 95% for tetracycline.
Keywords:
- antibiotic,
- bacteria,
- elimination,
- resistance,
- wastewater treatment
Parties annexes
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