Résumés
Abstract
This article examines the interest representation of European Employers’ Organizations (EEOs) in the European Union (EU). Previous literature in employment relations focused on employer activity in social dialogue, while literature in political science focused on political representation and how business associations lobby EU political institutions. Going beyond this dualism in the literature, this article suggests that gaining a full understanding of the interest representation of European Employers Organizations requires analyzing interactions between the political and social dialogue arenas. We argue that EEOs gain legitimacy through participating in social dialogue to facilitate their primary focus of political interest representation. Strategic and institutional perspectives on legitimacy provide insights into how EEOs respond to challenges and manage their environment within the EU to pursue their interests.
Keywords:
- employers’ organizations,
- legitimacy,
- European Union,
- social dialogue,
- political representation,
- lobbying,
- European employment relations
Résumé
Cet article examine la représentation des intérêts des organisations d’employeurs européens dans l’Union européenne. La littérature antérieure sur les relations d'emploi s'est concentrée sur l’activité des employeurs dans le cadre du dialogue social, tandis que celle en science politique s’est surtout intéressée à la représentation politique et la manière dont les associations d’entreprises font pression (lobbyisme) sur les institutions politiques. Dépassant ce dualisme notre article suggère qu’une compréhension complète de la représentation des intérêts des organisations européennes d’employeurs nécessite une analyse approfondie des interactions entre les sphères politique et du dialogue social. Nous soutenons que les organisations européennes d’employeurs gagnent en légitimité en participant au dialogue social afin de faciliter la représentation de leurs intérêts politiques. Les perspectives stratégiques et institutionnelles de la légitimité permettent de comprendre comment elles répondent aux défis et gèrent leur environnement au sein de l’Union européenne pour poursuivre leurs intérêts.
Mots-clés :
- Organisations d’employeurs,
- Légitimité,
- Union Européene,
- Dialogue Social,
- Représentation politique,
- Lobbying,
- Relations d’emploi Européennes
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aranea, M. Demougin, P., Gooberman, L. and Hauptmeier, M. (2021). Handbook of European Employers' Organisations. Hans Böckler Foundation. https://www.boeckler.de/en/faust-detail.htm?sync_id=HBS-008096 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Arcq, E., Dufresne, A. and Pochet, P. (2003). The Employers: the Hidden Face of European Industrial Relations. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 9(2), 302-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900210 10.1177/102425890300900210 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Begega, S. and Aranea, M. (2018). The Establishing of a European Industrial Relations System: Still Under Construction or Chasing a Chimera? Employee Relations, 40(4), 600-616. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2017-0151 10.1108/ER-07-2017-0151 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bernaciak, M. (2015). Market Expansion and Social Dumping in Europe, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9781315766607 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bouwen, P. (2002). Corporate Lobbying in the European Union: the Logic of Access. Journal of European Public Policy 9(3), 365–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760210138796 10.1080/13501760210138796 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Bouwen, P. (2004). Exchanging Access Goods for Access: a Comparative Study of Business Lobbying in the European Union Institutions. European Journal of Political Research 43(3), 337–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00157.x 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00157.x Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- BusinessEurope et. al. (2017). More Competitiveness to Sustain the Social Dimension of Europe. Employer key messages. [online] https://www.businesseurope.eu/publications/more-competitiveness-sustain-social-dimension-europe-employer-key-messagesGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- CEEP (2016). Opinion on the European Pillar of Social Rights. Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Coen, D. (1997). The Evolution of the Large Firm as a Political Actor in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy 4(1), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/135017697344253 10.1080/135017697344253 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Coen, D., Katsaitis, A., and Vannoni, M. (2021). Business Lobbying in the European Union. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/oso/9780199589753.001.0001 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Compston, H. and Greenwood, J. (2001). Social Partnership in the European Union. In H. Compston and J. Greenwood (Eds.) Social Partnership in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781403900821 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Degryse, C. (2021). Holy union? The Sectoral Social Partners and the Covid‑19 Crisis in Europe. European Trade Union Institute. Report 2021.04. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/Holy%20union%20The%20sectoral%20social%20partners%20and%20the%20Covid-19%20crisis%20in%20Europe_2021_WEB.pdf 10.2139/ssrn.3856901 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Degryse, C. (2015). The European Sectoral Social Dialogue: an Uneven Record of Achievement? European Trade Union Institute, Working Article No 2015.02. https://www.etui.org/publications/working-papers/the-european-sectoral-social-dialogue-an-uneven-record-of-achievement 10.2139/ssrn.2613001 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Demougin, P. Gooberman, L. and Hauptmeier, M. (2019). The Unexpected Survival of Employer Collective Organisations in the UK, Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations 74(2), 353-376. https://doi.org/10.7202/1062087ar
10.7202/1062087ar
Google Scholar
Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Doellgast, V., Bidwell, M., and Colvin, A.J.S. (2021). New Directions in Employment Relations Theory: Understanding Fragmentation, Identity, and Legitimacy. ILR Review 74(3), 555-579. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793921993445 10.1177/0019793921993445 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Erne, R. (2008). European Unions: Labor's Quest for a Transnational Democracy. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Eurofound (various years). Representativeness of the European Social Partner Organisations. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/representativeness-studies Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- European Trade Union Institute. ESD Database [online] https://esddb.eu/en [accessed on 21 November 2022]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Falkner, G. (1998). EU Social Policy in the 1990s: Towards a Corporatist Policy Community. Routledge.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gooberman, L. and Hauptmeier, M. (2022). The Adaptation and Resilience of Employers’ Organizations’. In L. Gooberman and M. Hauptmeier (Eds.) Contemporary Employers’ Organizations. Routledge.10.4324/9781003104575 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gooberman, L., Hauptmeier, M. and Heery, E. (2019). The Decline of Employers’ Associations in the UK, 1976 to 2014, Journal of Industrial Relations 61(1), 11-32. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185617750418 10.1177/0022185617750418 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gospel, H. (2017). Employer Collective Action in the Labour Market. Theory, Tradition and Trends. In J. Benson, Y. Zhu, and H. Gospel (Eds.), Employers' Associations in Asia: Employer Collective Action. Taylor and Francis10.4324/9781315672335-2 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Grant, W. (2000). Pressure Groups and British Politics. Macmillan10.5040/9781350391253 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Greenwood, J. (2017). Interest Representation in the European Union (4th edition). London.10.1057/978-1-137-49133-6 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hancké, B. (2000). European Works Councils and Industrial Restructuring in the European Motor Industry. European Journal of Industrial Relations 6(1), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1177/095968010061003 10.1177/095968010061003 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Im, Z. J., Trine, P. L. and Pircher, B. (2024). European Social Dialogues: Shaping EU Social Policy through Parental Leave Rights. ILR Review, 77(5), 685-715. https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939241231789 10.1177/00197939241231789 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Keller, B., and Platzer, H-W. (2003). The Europeanisation of Industrial Relations. Industrial Relations and European Integration. Trans-and Supranational Developments and Prospects. AshgateGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Keller, B. and Weber, S. (2011). Sectoral Social Dialogue at EU level: Problems and Prospects of Implementation. European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(3): 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959680111410960 10.1177/0959680111410960 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Keune, M. and Marginson, P. (2013). Transnational Industrial Relations as Multi-Level Governance: Interdependencies in European Social Dialogue. British Journal of Industrial Relations 51(3), 473–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12005 10.1111/bjir.12005 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Marginson, P, and Sisson, K. (2004). European Integration and Industrial Relations: Multi-level Governance in the Making. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Maurer, J. G. (1971). Readings in Organizational Theory: Open System Approaches. Random HouseGoogle Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Meyer, J. W. and Rowan, B. (1991). Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. In W.W Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (Eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 41–62.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Müller, T. and Platzer, H.-W. (2020). The European Trade Union Federations within the European Polity: ETUFs and International Trade union Activity.” Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 26(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024258920945094 10.1177/1024258920945094 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. Academy of Management Review. 16, 145–179. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4279002 10.2307/258610 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Pfeffer, J. and Salancik, G. R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: a Resource Dependence Perspective, Harper & Row.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Platzer, H.W. and Müller, T. (2012). Global and European Trade Union Federations. Peter Lang AG.10.3726/978-3-0353-0185-4 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Prosser, T. (2016). Economic Union without Social Union: The Strange Case of the European Social Dialogue. Journal of European Social Policy, 26(5), 460-472. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928716664298 10.1177/0958928716664298 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Prosser, T., Bechter, B., Galetto, M. Weber, S., and Larsson, B. (2022). Institutions or Resources and Capabilities? Explaining Engagement in European Sectoral Social Dialogue. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 43(3), 1420-1439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143831X211016052 10.1177/0143831X211016052 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Rüb, S., and Platzer, H-W. (2018). Das Management als Akteur Transnationaler Arbeitsbeziehungen: Eine empirische Untersuchung in Deutschen Konzernzentralen. Nomos Verlag.10.5771/9783845295442 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Scharpf, F. W. (2009). Legitimacy in the Multilevel European polity. European Political Science Review 1, 173-204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773909000204 10.1017/S1755773909000204 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Smismans, S. (2008). The European Social Dialogue in the Shadow of Hierarchy. Journal of Public Policy, 28(1), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X08000822 10.1017/S0143814X08000822 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Suchman, M, C. (1995). Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review 20, 571-610. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331 10.2307/258788 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Treib, O. and Falkner, G. (2017). Bargaining and Lobbying in EU Social Policy. In David Coen and Jeremy Richardson (Eds.), Lobbying the European Union: Institutions, Actors, and Issues: 256-76. Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780199207350.003.0013 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Tricart, J-P. (2019). Legislative Implementation of European Social Partner Agreements. Challenges and Debates. ETUI Working Paper 68. https://www.etui.org/publications/working-papers/legislative-implementation-of-european-social-partner-agreements-challenges-and-debates 10.2139/ssrn.3402880 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Voss, E., Broughton, A. Pulignano, V., Franca, V. and Contreras, R. (2018). Exploring the Connections between EU-and National-level Social Dialogue. Eurofound https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/2018/exploring-connections-between-eu-and-national-level-social-dialogue Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Weber, T. (2001). The European Sectoral Social Dialogue. In H. Compston and J. Greenwood. (Eds.) Social Partnership in the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, 129-153.10.1057/9781403900821_6 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Vol. 2). University of California Press.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Welz, C. (2008). The European Social Dialogue under articles 138 and 139 of the EC treaty: Actors, Processes, Outcomes (Vol. 36). Kluwer Law International BV.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Woll, C. (2006). Lobbying in the European Union: From Sui Generis to a Comparative Perspective. Journal of European Public Policy, 13(3), 456-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760600560623 10.1080/13501760600560623 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar