Résumés
Abstract
Employee voice in China remains an under-researched topic from an industrial relations perspective. We investigated the relationship between family dependents (children and elderly) and migrant worker silence, with town-fellow organizations as a moderator, based on the data of the 2014 Guangdong Migrant Workers Survey. The findings reveal that migrant workers with dependent children are more likely to keep silent when their labour rights and interests are violated at the workplace, while family responsibilities for dependent elderly family members do not have significant impacts on migrant workers’ silence. In addition, town-fellow organizations weaken the association between family responsibilities for elderly dependents and silence. Our study contributes to the existing literature on employee voice and provides evidence on the role of town-fellow organizations in China as an informal, emerging institutional actor that regulates labour relations through their involvement in dispute resolution.
Keywords:
- employee silence,
- family dependents,
- informal institutional actor,
- migrant workers,
- town-fellow organization
Résumé
Objectif de recherche et questions – La voix de l’employé en Chine demeure un thème peu étudié du point de vue des relations industrielles, surtout à l’égard des travailleurs venus de la campagne. Ces derniers, qui constituent le segment le plus important de la population active, ont peu de moyens efficaces pour faire entendre leur voix. À ce jour, pour expliquer le silence de l’employé dont les droits du travail ont été violés, on a accordé trop peu d’attention au rôle des responsabilités familiales. On a également trop peu examiné le rôle modérateur des acteurs institutionnels informels, comme les organisations de migrants venus de la même ville, qui permettent au travailleur migrant lésé d’exprimer ses revendications.
La présente étude a pour but de combler ces lacunes en répondant à deux questions: (1) Le travailleur migrant sera-t-il plus enclin à garder le silence s’il a des enfants ou des aînés à sa charge? (2) De quelle manière l’organisation de migrants venus de la même ville influence-t-elle le lien entre le fait d’avoir des personnes à charge et le choix de se taire?
Méthodologie – Il s’agit d’une étude empirique de la relation entre les personnes à charge (enfants et aînés) et le silence du travailleur migrant, ainsi que le rôle modérateur de l’organisation de migrants venus de la même ville. Les données proviennent d’une enquête sur des travailleurs migrants (n = 776) vivant dans la province de Guangdong, dans le sud de la Chine.
Résultats – 1) Si un travailleur migrant a des membres de famille à sa charge, ce fait influencera sa voix lorsque ses droits auront été violés. 2) Dans cette éventualité, il est plus enclin à se taire pour le bien de ses enfants que pour celui de ses aînés. 3) Quant à l’organisation de migrants venus de la même ville, elle affaiblit la relation entre le fait d’avoir des aînés à charge et le choix de garder le silence.
Contributions – 1) Ces résultats enrichissent les connaissances actuelles sur la voix du travailleur migrant en Chine, surtout celui ayant des responsabilités familiales. 2) Nous avons démontré que l’organisation de migrants venus de la même ville joue un rôle institutionnel qui est informel mais néanmoins important, soit celui de représenter les travailleurs migrants dont les droits du travail ont été violés.
Mots clés:
- silence de l’employé,
- membres de famille à charge,
- acteur institutionnel informel,
- travailleurs migrants,
- organisation de migrants venus de la même ville
Parties annexes
References
- An, Fansuo and Tom Bramble (2018) “Silence as a Survival Strategy: Will the Silent be Worse Off? A Study of Chinese Migrant Workers in Guangdong.” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29 (5), 1-26.10.1080/09585192.2017.1328609 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Aravopoulou, Eleni, Fotios V. Mitsakis and Charles Malone (2017) “A Critical Review of the Exit-Voice-Loyalty-Neglect Literature: Limitations, Key Challenges and Directions for Future Research.” International Journal of Management, 6 (3), 1-10.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Barry, Michael and Adrian Wilkinson (2016) “Pro-social or Pro-management? A Critique of the Conception of Employee Voice as a Pro-social Behaviour within Organizational Behaviour.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 54 (2), 261-284.10.1111/bjir.12114 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Benson, John and Michelle Brown (2010) “Employee Voice: Does Union Membership Matter?” Human Resource Management Journal, 20 (1), 80-99.10.1111/j.1748-8583.2009.00116.x Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chan, Chi (2010) The Challenge of Labour in China: Strikes and the Changing Labour Regime in Global Factories. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chan, Chris King (2013) “Community-based Organizations for Migrant Workers’ Rights: The Emergence of Labour NGOs in China.” Community Development Journal, 48 (1), 6-22.10.1093/cdj/bss001 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chaney, Lillian and Jeanette Martin (2013) Intercultural Business Communication, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chang,Cheng and Fang Lee Cooke (2018) “Layers of Union Organisation and Representation: A Case Study of a Strike in a Japanese-funded Auto Plant in China.” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 56 (4), 492-517.10.1111/1744-7941.12181 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chappell,Neena L. and Laura Funk (2012) “Filial Responsibility: Does it Matter for Care-giving Behaviours?” Ageing & Society, 32 (7), 1128-1146.10.1017/S0144686X11000821 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chen, Fengbo, Henry Lucas, Gerry Bloom and Shijun Ding (2016) “Household Structure, Left-behind Elderly, and Rural Migration in China.” Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 48 (3), 279-297.10.1017/aae.2016.16 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chen, Patricia and Mary Gallagher (2018) “Mobilization without Movement: How the Chinese State ‘Fixed’ Labor Insurgency.” Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 71 (5), 1029-1052.10.1177/0019793918759066 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cheng, Joseph Yu-shek, King-lun Ngok and Huang Yan (2010) “Multinational Corporations, Global Civil Society and Chinese Labour: Workers’ Solidarity in China in the Era of Globalization.” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 33 (3), 379-401.10.1177/0143831X11411325 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cheng, Yijian (2011) “An Empirical Study of Migrant Workers’ Attitude toward Townsfolk Organizations.” Journal of Agriculture Science of Guangdong, 38 (14), 189-192. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Chou, Rita Jing-Ann (2011) “Filial Piety by Contract? The Emergence, Implementation, and Implications of the ‘Family Support Agreement’ in China.” Gerontologist, 51 (1), 3-16.10.1093/geront/gnq059 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooke, Fand Lee and Geoffrey Wood (2011) “New Actors and Employment Relations in Emerging Economies.” Relations Industrielles/Industrial Relations, 66 (1), 7-10.
10.7202/1004778ar Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooke, Fang Lee (2011) “Labour Market Regulations and Informal Employment in China: To What Extent are Workers Protected?” Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management, 2 (2), 100-116.10.1108/20408001111179159 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooke, Fang Lee (2014) “Chinese industrial relations research: In search of a broader analytical framework and representation.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31, 875–898.10.1007/s10490-014-9386-8 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooke, Fang Lee and Ronald Brown (2015) “The Regulation of Non-standard Forms of Work in China, Japan and Republic of Korea.” International Labour Organization Working Paper, Conditions of Work and Employment Series No.64.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Cooke, Fang Lee, Yunhua Xie and Duan Huimin (2016) “Workers’ Grievances and Resolution Mechanisms in Chinese Manufacturing Firms: Key Characteristics and the Influence of Contextual Factors.” International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27 (18), 2119-2141.10.1080/09585192.2016.1164224 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Donaghey, Jimmy, Niall Cullinane, Tony Dundon and Adrian J. Wilkinson (2011). “Reconceptualising Employee Silence: Problems and Prognosis.” Work, Employment & Society, 25(1), 51-67.10.1177/0950017010389239 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Duan, Jinyun, Chanzi Bao, Caiyun Huang and Chad Brinsfield (2018) “Authoritarian Leadership and Employee Silence in China.” Journal of Management & Organization, 24 (1), 62-80.10.1017/jmo.2016.61 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Emerson, Richard M. (1962). “Power-Dependence Relations.” American Sociological Review, 27(1), 31-41.10.2307/2089716 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Fan, Ruiping (2007) “Which Care? Whose Responsibility? And why Family? A Confucian Account of Long-term Care for the Elderly.” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 32 (5), 495-517.10.1080/03605310701626331 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Fei, Xiaotong (1983) “The Problem of Old Age Support in the Change of Family Structure: on the Change of Family Structure in China.” Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), (3), 7-16. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Feng Erkang (2003) “On Contemporary Significance of Chinese Traditional Family Culture.” Jianghai Academic Journal, (6), 11-15. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Frenkel, Stephen and Chongxin Yu (2015) “Chinese Migrants’ Work Experience and City Identification: Challenging the Underclass Thesis.” Human Relations, 68 (2), 261-285.10.1177/0018726713508991 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gallagher, Mary Elizabeth, John Giles and Albert Park (2013) “China’s 2008 Labor Contract Law: Implementation and Implications for China’s Workers.” Human Relations, 68 (2), 197-235.10.1177/0018726713509418 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gan, Yu (2015) “Settlement Intension of Rural Migrants: Evidence from 574 Families.” Population & Economics, (3), 68-76. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gao, Liping and Kan Shi (2010) “When Employees Face the Choice of Voice or Silence: The Moderating Role of Chinese Traditional Culture Values.” Proceedings 2010 IEEE 2nd Symposium on Web Society. Beijing, pp. 470-474.10.1109/SWS.2010.5607403 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Gao, Qin, Sui Yang and Shi Li (2012) “Labor Contracts and Social Insurance Participation among Migrant Workers in China.” China Economic Review, 23 (4), 1195-1205.10.1016/j.chieco.2012.09.002 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Ghorbani, Majid, Morley Gunderson and Byron Y.S. Lee (2019). Union and Communist Party Influences on the Environment in China. Relations Industrielles-Industrial Relations, 74(3), 552-576.
10.7202/1065172ar Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Halegua, Aaron (2008) “Getting Paid: Processing the Labor Disputes of China’s Migrant Workers.” Berkeley Journal of International Law, 26 (1), 254–322.10.2139/ssrn.1133731 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Heery, Edmund and Carola Frege (2006) “New Actors in Industrial Relations.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 44 (4), 601-604.10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00515.x Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Holdaway, Jennifer (2018) “Educating the Children of Migrants in China and the United States: A Common Challenge?” China Population and Development Studies, 2, 108-128.10.1007/s42379-018-0005-0 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Hu, Yang and Jacqueline Scott (2016) “Family and Gender Values in China: Generational, Geographic, and Gender Differences.” Journal of Family Issues, 37 (9), 1267-1293.10.1177/0192513X14528710 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Huang, Wei, Jingjing Weng and Ying-Che Hsieh (2016a) “The Hybrid Channel of Employees’ Voice in China in a Changing Context of Employment Relations.” Advances in Industrial and Labor Relations, 23, 19-43.10.1108/S0742-618620160000023008 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Huang, Wei, Yuhui Li, Shuo Wang and Jingjing Weng (2016b) “Can ‘Democratic Management’ Improve Labour Relations in Market-driven China?” Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 54 (2), 230-257.10.1111/1744-7941.12100 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Kaufman, Bruce E. (2015) “Theorising Determinants of Employee Voice: An Integrative Model Across Disciplines and Levels of Analysis.” Human Resource Management Journal, 25 (1), 19-40.10.1111/1748-8583.12056 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Kish-Gephart, Jennifer J., James R. Detert, Linda K. Trevino and Amy C. Edmondson (2009). “Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources, and Consequences of Fear at Work.” Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163-193.10.1016/j.riob.2009.07.002 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lam, Long W. and Angel Jie Xu. (2019) “Power Imbalance and Employee Silence: The Role of Abusive Leadership, Power Distance Orientation, and Perceived Organisational Politics.” Applied Psychology, 68 (3), 513-546.10.1111/apps.12170 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lee, Ching Kwan and Yuan Shen (2011) “The Anti-solidarity Machine? Labor Nongovernmental Organizations in China.” In S Kuruvilla, CK Lee and M Gallagher (eds), From Iron Rice Bowl to Informalisation. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, pp. 173–187.10.7591/9780801462931-009 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Li, Chunyun and Mingwei Liu (2018) “Overcoming Collective Action Problems Facing Chinese Workers: Lessons from Four Protests Against Walmart.” Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 71 (5), 1078–1105.10.1177/0019793918784516 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Li, Mankui (2017) “Protection for Migrant Workers under Evolving Occupational Health and Safety Regimes in China.” Relations Industrielles-industrial Relations, 72(1), 56-76.
10.7202/1039590ar Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Li, Peilin and Wei Li (2010) “A Survey of the Economic Conditions and Social Attitudes of Migrant Workers.” Social Science in China, (1), 119-131. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Li, Yan and Jian-Min Sun (2015) “Traditional Chinese Leadership and Employee Voice Behavior: A Cross-level Examination.” Leadership Quarterly, 26 (2), 172-189.10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.08.001 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Liu, Jieyu (2014) “Ageing, Migration and Familial Support in Rural China.” Geoforum, 51, 305-312.10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.013 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lu, Guoxian (2010) “Study on the Organization of Migrant Workers and its Security Countermeasures.” Journal of People’s Public Security University of China, 26 (2), 8-13. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Lubman, Stanley (2000) “Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Twenty Years.” Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business, 20 (3), 383-424.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Michelson, Grant, Suzanne Jamieson and John Burgess(eds) (2008) “New Employment Actors: Developments from Australia.” Oxford: Peter Lang.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Milliken, Frances J., Elizabeth W. Morrison, and Patricia F. Hewlin (2003). “An Explanatory Study of Employee Silence: Issues that employees Don’t Communicate Upward and why.” Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453–1476.10.1111/1467-6486.00387 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Morrison, Elizabeth W. and Milliken, Frances J. (2000). “Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world.” Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 706–725.10.5465/amr.2000.3707697 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Morrison, Elizabeth W. and Rothman Naomi B. (2009). “Silence and the dynamics of power.” In Greenberg and Edwards (Eds), Voice and Silence in Organizations(pp. 175–202). Bingley: Emerald.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Morrison, Elizabeth W. (2014) “Employee Voice and Silence.” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1:1, 173-197.10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- National Bureau of Statistics of China (2017) “National Monitoring Survey of Migrant Workers 2016.” http://www.stats.gov.cn/Tjsj/zxfb/201704/t20170428_1489334.html, (March 21, 2020).Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Nechanska, Eva, Emma K. Hughes and Tony Dundon (2020). “Towards an Integration of Employee Voice and Silence.” Human Resource Management Review, 30(1), 100674.10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.11.002 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Pai, Hsiaohung and Gregor Benton (2013). Scattered Sand: The Story of China’s Rural Migrants. London: Verso.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Pringle, Tim (2011). Trade Unions in China: The Challenge of Labor Unrest. Abingdon: Routledge.10.4324/9780203831045 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Quah, Stella R. (2009) Families in Asia: Home and Kin. second ed. Routledge: London.10.4324/9780203888506 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Seo, Yumi and Sun Wook Chung (2020). “Abusive Supervision, Psychological Capital, and Turnover Intention: Evidence from Factory Workers in China.” Relations Industrielles-industrial Relations, 74(2), 377-404.
10.7202/1062088ar Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- South China Daily (2011) “The Townsfolk Association Becomes the Rights Protection Association which Tests the Governing Wisdom.” http://epaper.southcn.com/nfdaily/html/2011-08/15/content_6998784.htm (August 15, 2011). [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Tao, Jikun (2016) “Can China’s New Rural Social Pension Insurance Adequately Protect the Elderly in Times of Population Ageing?” Journal of Asian Public Policy, 10 (2), 158-166.10.1080/17516234.2016.1167413 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Van Dyne, Linn, Soon Ang and Isabel C. Botero (2003). “Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs.” Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.10.1111/1467-6486.00384 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wallby, Sylvia (2001) “From Community to Coalition: the Politics of Recognition as the Handmaiden of the Politics of Equality in an Era of Globalization.” Theory, Culture, Society, 1 (2-3), 113-135.10.1177/02632760122051814 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wang, Song (2010) “A Study on the Cognitive Dilemma of Migrant Workers on the Interest Expression Function of Trade Union.” Journal of Beijing Federation of Trade Unions Cadre College, 25 (1), 17-21. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wang, Haining and Yuanyuan Chen (2010) “An Analysis on the Work Welfare Discrimination against Migrants.” Chinese Journal of Population Science, 2, 47-54. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wang, Junxiu and Jiyin Yang (2013) “China’s Social Psychology Research Report 2012-2013.” Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wei, Hongyao and Zhangbao Zhong (2016) “Intergenerational Exchange, Filial Culture and Structural Constraints: an Empirical Analysis of Children’s Support Behavior.” Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University (Social Sciences Edition), 16 (1), 144-155. [in Chinese]Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Willman, Paul, Alex Bryson and Rafael Gomez (2006). “The Sound of Silence: Which Employers Choose No Employee Voice and Why?” Socio-Economic Review, 4(2), 283-299.10.1093/ser/mwl012 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Wu, Tongyu (2017) “Laoxiang Network and Boundary Struggles: Urban Migrants’ Self-Organization in China’s New Workplaces.” Journal of Contemporary China, 27 (111), 379-392.10.1080/10670564.2018.1410970 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Xie, Yu and Margaret Gough (2011) “Ethnic Enclaves and the Earnings of Immigrants.” Demography, 48 (4), 1293-1315.10.1007/s13524-011-0058-8 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Xie, Pengxin, Fuxi Wang and Yanyuan Cheng (2017) “How did Chinese Migrant Workers Fare in Labour Dispute Mediation? Differentiated Legal Protection and the Moderating Role of the Nature of Dispute.” Journal of Industrial Relations, 59 (5), 611-630.10.1177/0022185617716730 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Xinhua News (2017) “The Old People in Rural Areas Have Less Income and Weak Ability to Provide Themselves.” http://www.xinhuanet.com/201712/23/c_1122155345.htm, (March 21, 2020).Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Xu, Yi (2013) “Labour Non-governmental Organizations in China: Mobilizing Rural Migrant Workers.” Journal of Industrial Relations, 55 (2), 243-259.10.1177/0022185612473222 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Xu, Qingwen, Xinping Guan and Fangfang Yao (2011) “Welfare Program Participation among Rural-to-urban Migrant Workers in China.” International Journal of Social Welfare, 20 (1), 10-21.10.1111/j.1468-2397.2009.00713.x Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Yang, Duanyi (2020) “Why don’t They Complain? The Social Determinants of Chinese Migrant Workers’ Grievance Behaviors.” ILR Review, 73 (2), 366-392.10.1177/0019793919872471 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Zhang, Li (2001) Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China’s Floating Population. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Zhang, Chuanchuan (2019) “Family Support or Social Support? The Role of Clan Culture.” Journal of Population Economics, 32, 529-549.10.1007/s00148-018-0686-z Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Zhang, Yan, Ming-yun Huai and Yun-hui Xie (2015) “Paternalistic Leadership and Employee Voice in China: A Dual Process Model.” Leadership Quarterly, 26 (1), 25-36.10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Zhang, Zhanxin (2018) “Employment Marketization, Social Security Inclusion and Rights Equalization of Rural Migrants.” China Population and Development Studies, 2, 57-82.10.1007/s42379-018-0003-2 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Zhao, Yaohui (2003) “The Role of Migrant Networks in Labor Migration: The Case of China.” Contemporary Economic Policy, 21 (4), 500-511.10.1093/cep/byg028 Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
- Zhao, Yanxia (2007) Father and Son in Confucianism and Christianity. Eastbourne: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar Rechercher cette référence bibliographique sur Google Scholar
