Résumés
Abstract
How do unions respond to the emerging threats and opportunities posed by digitalization in the sphere of employment relations? What factors account for the focus and varying effectiveness of their responses? This paper seeks to address these questions in the case of Italy—a theoretically interesting case that combines significant digitalization-related challenges, historically strong industrial relations institutions under increasing pressure, and diverse union confederations.
From the available evidence, we find that Italian union strategies and demands so far have been primarily focused on interventions at the macro and meso levels, with a view to extending traditional forms of protection—especially sectoral collective bargaining agreements—to deal with the disruptive effects of digitalization. This focus has been coupled with some limited innovation in union agendas and discursive repertoires focused on the micro level of intervention, as well as a shift in union preferences toward inclusion of platform workers and self-employed workers in their constituencies. Whilst highlighting the importance of agential factors, we nonetheless find that the focus and effectiveness of union interventions are crucially shaped by prior institutional legacies and distributions of power resources, as well as by the ideological orientation and strategic capabilities of individual unions themselves.
Overall, Italian unions have to date tended to privilege gradual response strategies based on extension and adaptation of existing and established institutions. It remains to be seen whether such adaptive approaches will be sufficient to effectively govern the digital transformation of work or whether more radical institutional experimentation will become necessary. Either way, in order to build smart industrial relations in Italy, unions will have an active role to play.
Keywords:
- industrial relations institutions,
- trade union strategies,
- Industry 4.0,
- e-commerce,
- platforms
Résumé
Comment les syndicats réagissent-ils aux menaces et aux opportunités émergentes que pose le numérique dans le domaine des relations de travail ? Quels facteurs expliquent l’orientation et l’efficacité variable de leurs réponses ? Cet article cherche à répondre à ces questions à partir du cas de l’Italie — un cas intéressant au niveau théorique, car il combine d’importants défis liés au numérique, des institutions de relations de travail historiquement fortes sous pression croissante et diverses confédérations syndicales.
D’après les données disponibles, nous constatons que les stratégies et les revendications des syndicats italiens ont, jusqu’à présent, été principalement axées sur les interventions aux niveaux macro et méso, plaidant en faveur d’une extension des formes traditionnelles de protection — en particulier des accords de négociation collectifs sectoriels — en vue de contrer les effets perturbateurs du numérique. Cela a été associé à quelques innovations modérées dans l’agenda des syndicats et des répertoires discursifs axés sur le niveau d’intervention micro, tout comme un changement des préférences des syndicats vers l’inclusion dans leurs rangs des travailleurs des plateformes digitales et des travailleurs indépendants. Tout en soulignant l’importance des facteurs structuraux, nous constatons, néanmoins, que la focalisation et l’efficacité des interventions des syndicats sont influencées de manière déterminante par les héritages institutionnels et la répartition des ressources de pouvoir, ainsi que par l’orientation idéologique et les capacités stratégiques des syndicats locaux eux-mêmes.
Dans l’ensemble, les syndicats italiens ont, jusqu’à ce jour, eu tendance à privilégier des stratégies de réponse graduelle fondées sur l’extension et l’adaptation des institutions existantes et établies. Toutefois, il reste à voir si de telles approches suffiront pour gérer efficacement la transformation numérique du travail ou si une expérimentation institutionnelle plus radicale deviendra nécessaire. Quoi qu’il en soit, si l’on souhaite nouer de meilleures (smart en anglais) relations de travail en Italie, les syndicats auront un rôle actif à y jouer.
Mots-clés:
- institutions,
- relations de travail,
- stratégies syndicales,
- industrie 4.0,
- commerce électronique,
- plateformes
Parties annexes
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