La mesure du contrat psychologique dans un contexte de travail francophone Measurement of the Psychological Contract in a French Work Context La medida del contrato sicológico en un contexto de trabajo francofono

Résumé

Si le concept de « contrat psychologique » est désormais largement répandu dans la littérature, les instruments de sa mesure font encore défaut. Rousseau a proposé en 1990 le Psychological Contract Index (PCI), qu’elle a actualisé en 1998-2000. Cet article vise à adapter cet outil en France et à le compléter en testant deux mesures de la réalisation du contrat psychologique : une mesure directe et une mesure soustractive. Il pose aussi le problème de la mesure de la réciprocité propre au contrat psychologique et s’appuie sur le modèle de Morrison et Robinson pour tester une relation modératrice entre les scores de réalisation de l’entreprise et ceux de l’employé. Les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès de 217 cadres français confirment partiellement les hypothèses de l’auteure. Ils montrent que la structure factorielle du PCI manque de stabilité et doit faire l’objet de nouvelles recherches quant à sa validité : 14 facteurs sont identifiés au lieu des sept avancés par Rousseau dans le PCI. Conformément aux hypothèses posées, c’est la mesure directe de la réalisation du contrat qui démontre la meilleure validité. En outre, l’auteur valide le rôle modérateur de la réalisation du contrat psychologique par le salarié.

Summary

The psychological contract (PC) offers a compelling theoretical framework for understanding today’s employment relationships. This contract can be defined as the individual’s perceptions about existing promises and obligations between an employee and their employer (Rousseau, 1990). Although the number of publications about the PC has grown considerably over the last ten years, many research questions are still to be answered; one of them concerns its measurement. This article aims at adapting Rousseau’s instrument—the Psychological Contract Index (PCI)—and at testing its validity and reliability in a French context.

In the PCI, Rousseau assesses the PC of U.S. executive managers and centers this assessment on employees’ perceptions: 32 items represent employer obligations and 27 items measure employee’s obligations. Rousseau found that these items can be grouped in seven factors: retribution, job content, equity/trust, good material working conditions for employer promises, altruism, minimal performances at work, and loyalty for employee promises. She found good reliability scores for each factor (Cronbach’s alphas from 0.82 to 0.93). However, no other scholar has used the same items to measure the PC, and the stability of the factorial structure needs to be demonstrated further.

While PCI exclusively measures the nature of promises, most researchers focus on PC fulfilment and not only on PC characteristics. To Rousseau’s list of promises, they add a scale aiming at measuring how well each promise has been fulfilled. Promise fulfilment is a major issue, notably because it is more related to talent retention than are promises themselves. It is when promises are broken that the impact on employee retention is the strongest: PC breach has been related to a loss of trust in the other party, as well as to a decrease in organizational commitment and intention to stay. Two measures of PC fulfilment are calculated by scholars. The difference in scores between the level of fulfilment and the importance of each promise is calculated in some studies, but this measure is indirect and has been criticized for its poor reliability (Irving and Meyer, 1999; Johns, 1981). For this reason, many other scholars use a direct score of fulfilment without taking account of the importance of each promise.

In addition to these methodological issues, we addressed two other questions about PC measure:

• The role played by each type of promise: of the seven factors identified by Rousseau, which one best explains attitudes at work? To date, no study has answered this question with the exception of the early work of Robinson (1996) that shows the importance of skills development and job content. We wanted to examine this issue in more detail;

• The mutuality underlying any social exchange: the existence of a PC implies a comparison between both parties’ promises and inducements. What is the cognitive comparative process followed by the individual in making this comparison? We hypothesized that employee inducements moderate the impact of employer PC fulfilment on attitudes at work.

We adapted the PCI thanks to 19 interviews with French executive managers. Some items were cancelled since they were not mentioned by the interviewees and were considered by them as irrelevant to their work setting (for instance, healthy working conditions). We used this adapted measure of PCI in addition to a measure of PC fulfilment and to items relating to three attitudes at work: trust, intention to quit and organizational commitment. Control variables such as the age or size of the organization were also added to the questionnaire.

The validity of the PCI French version was studied with a factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analysis with LISREL. The exploratory factor analysis does not confirm the factorial structure identified by Rousseau. We find 14 factors—seven for the employer promises and seven for the employee promises—instead of Rousseau’s seven factors. The confirmatory factor results lead to the same conclusion: among the alternative models we tested, the 14-factor model shows the best goodness of fit statistics. These results suggest that PCI factor structure lacks stability. As studies testing the validity of PCI are very few, it is difficult to discuss this result further without testing the factor structure again, preferably with a comparison between a French and a U.S. sample. This will enable us to know whether the differences in the factor numbers and labels are due to cross-cultural differences or to poor instrument validity.

We then tested which of the two PC fulfilment calculation methods —difference and direct scores—is the more valid. Whether we use a direct or difference score of PC fulfilment, correlations with a single-item and with attitudes at work (trust, intention to quit and organizational commitment) are identical. We conclude that the use of a direct score should be used in future research since its reliability is of better quality.

Finally, hierarchical multiple regressions enabled us to test the role of PC fulfilment on attitudes at work. We find that PC fulfilment by the employer is related to attitudes at work, with a significant impact for working climate and job security. Our results are different from those of Robinson. It seems that in France, the perception of a good employment relationship holds a specific meaning. Both transactional and relational exchanges are important for French employees. A transactional exchange based on the fulfilment of promises on retribution retains employees. Job security and job content are more relational and help build a long-term relationship based on loyalty and trust in the other party. Finally, we confirm that the mutuality underlying the PC is well perceived by French managers. This mutuality can be understood as a two-step comparative process: first, the individual compares employer promises and inducements. Then the individual does the same with their own inducements and moderates their reaction to perceived breaches according to their ability to fulfil or not their part of the psychological contract.

Resumen

Si el concepto de “contrato sicológico” (CS) ya está ampliamente difundido en la literatura, los instrumentos para medirlo son aún escasos. Rousseau propuso en 1990 el Psychological Contract Index (PCI), que fué actualizado en 1998-2000. Este artículo pretende adaptar este instrumento en Francia y completarlo evaluando dos medidas de la realización del CS: una medida directa y una medida sustractiva. Se plantea también el problema de la medida de la reciprocidad propia al contrato sicológico y, basado en el modelo de Morrison y Robinson, se evalúa la relación moderadora entre los scores de realización de la empresa y aquellos del empleado. Los resultados de una encuesta administrada a 217 cuadros franceses confirman parcialmente las hipótesis de la autora. Esto demuestra que la estructura factorial del PCI carece de estabilidad y debe ser objeto de nuevas investigaciones respecto a su validez: 14 factores son identificados en lugar de los siete avanzados por Rousseau en el PCI. Conforme a las hipótesis planteadas, es la medida directa de la realización del contrato que demuestra la mejor validez. Además, la autora valida el rol moderador de la realización del contrato sicologico para el asalariado.