Résumés
Résumé
Cet article examine certaines implications du nativisme pour la démocratie libérale. Il révèle que les catégories de « natif » et d’« étranger » résultent d’une construction socio-politique ayant des répercussions significatives sur ce régime. L’étude se penche sur la compréhension du concept de demos par les défenseurs du nativisme, ces derniers remettant en question les fondements de la citoyenneté démocratique. De plus, elle explore l’influence du majoritarisme nativiste sur les droits des minorités et examine le rôle du nativisme dans la polarisation politique. Cette recherche contribue à éclairer un domaine encore peu exploré et survient à un moment crucial, où la montée du nativisme soulève des questions urgentes sur la viabilité de la démocratie libérale.
Mots-clés :
- nativisme,
- populisme,
- démocratie libérale,
- citoyenneté
Abstract
This article examines certain implications of nativism for liberal democracy. It reveals that the categories of “native” and “foreigner” result from a socio-political construction with significant repercussions for this regime. The study explores the understanding of the demos concept by nativism advocates, thereby challenging the foundations of democratic citizenship. Furthermore, it investigates the influence of nativist majoritarianism on minority rights and analyzes the role of nativism in political polarization. This research contributes to illuminating a still relatively unexplored field and comes at a critical moment when the rise of nativism raises urgent questions about the viability of liberal democracy.
Keywords:
- nativism,
- populism,
- liberal democracy,
- citizenship
Parties annexes
Bibliographie
- Abrajano, Marisa et Zoltan Hajnal. 2015. White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics. New Jersey : Princeton University Press.
- Abramowitz, Alan et Steven Webster. 2018. « Negative Partisanship: Why Americans Dislike Parties but Behave like Rabid Partisans. » Political Psychology 39 : 119-135.
- Akbaba, Sertan. 2016. « Nationalist or Nativist Politics? Case Study of the Danish People’s Party. » Marmara Journal of European Studies 24 (2) : 33-57.
- Akkerman, Tjitske. 2003. « Populism and Democracy. Challenge or Pathology? » Acta Politica 38 (2) : 147-161.
- Akkerman, Tjitske. 2005. « Anti-immigration Parties and the Defence of Liberal Values: The Exceptional Case of the List Pim Fortuyn. » Journal of Political Ideologies 10 (3) : 337-354.
- Albertazzi, Daniele et Sean Mueller. 2013. « Populism and Liberal Democracy: Populists in Government in Austria, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. » Government and Opposition 48 (3) : 343-371.
- Andrić, Vuko. 2021. « Is the All-Subjected Principle Extensionally Adequate? » Res Publica 27 (3) : 387-407.
- Barbieri, Giovanni. 2018. « Populism, Cleavages, and Democracy. » Partecipazione e Conflitto 11 (1) : 202-224.
- Bartels, Larry. 2020. « Ethnic Antagonism Erodes Republicans’ Commitment to Democracy. » Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (37) : 22752-22759.
- Beetham, David, Edzia Carvalho, Todd Landman et Stuart Weir. 2008. Assessing the Quality of Democracy: A Practical Guide. Stockholm : International IDEA.
- Beltrán, Cristina. 2020. Cruelty as Citizenship How Migrant Suffering Sustains White Democracy. Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press.
- Berman, Sheri et Maria Snegovaya. 2019. « Populism and the Decline of Social Democracy. » Journal of Democracy 30 (3) : 5-19.
- Bertossi, Christophe, Jan Willem Duyvendak et Nancy Foner. 2022. « Introduction : Nativisme et nostalgie. Temporalités et politiques de la race et de l’ethnicité en Europe et aux États-Unis. » Appartenances & Altérités (2). http://journals.openedition.org/alterites/278. Consulté le 13 avril 2023.
- Bertossi, Christophe, Aurélien Taché et Jan Willem Duyvendak. 2021. Nativisme : Ceux qui sont nés quelque part… et qui veulent en exclure les autres. Paris : Les Petits Matins.
- Betz, Hans-Georg. 2019. « Facets of Nativism: A Heuristic Exploration. » Patterns of Prejudice 53 (2) : 111-135.
- Betz, Hans-Georg. 2022. « Economic Resentment or Cultural Malaise: What Accounts for Nativist Sentiments in Contemporary Liberal Democracies. » Dans Handbook on Migration and Welfare. Sous la direction de Markus Crepaz, 351-366. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Beydoun, Khaled. 2018. American Islamophobia: Understanding the Roots and Rise of Fear. Berkeley CA : University of California Press.
- Birch, Sarah, Ursula Daxecker et Kristine Höglund. 2020. « Electoral Violence: An Introduction. » Journal of Peace Research 57 (1) : 3-14.
- Buyuker, Beyza et Alexandra Filindra. 2020. « Democracy and “The Other”: Anti-immigrant Attitudes and White Support for Anti-democratic Norms. » SSRN / Social Science Research Network (2). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3585387. Consulté le 11 septembre 2023.
- Calhoun, Craig. 2020. « Populism and Democracy: A Long View. » Dans The Emergence of Illiberalism. Sous la direction de Boris Vormann et Michael Weinman, 227-246. Londres : Routledge.
- Casanova, José. 2012. « The Politics of Nativism. » Philosophy & Social Criticism 38 (4-5) : 485-495.
- Cole, Wade et Evan Schofer. 2023. « Destroying Democracy for the People: The Economic, Social, and Political Consequences of Populist Rule, 1990 to 2017. » Social Problems 20 : 1-29.
- Crimston, Charlie, Hema Selvanathan et Jolanda Jetten. 2022. « Moral Polarization Predicts Support for Authoritarian and Progressive Strong Leaders Via the Perceived Breakdown of Society. » Political Psychology 43 (4) : 671-691.
- Dahab, Ramsey et Marisa Omori. 2019. « Homegrown Foreigners: How Christian Nationalism and Nativist Attitudes Impact Muslim Civil Liberties. » Ethnic and Racial Studies 42 (10) : 1727-1746.
- Dahl, Robert. 2015. On Democracy. New Haven : Yale University Press.
- Duyvendak, Jan Willem et Josip Kešić. 2022. The Return of the Native: Can Liberalism Safeguard Us Against Nativism? Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Duyvendak, Jan Willem, Peter Geschiere et Evelina Tonkens (dir.). 2016. The Culturalization of Citizenship. Belonging and Polarization in a Globalizing World. Londres : Palgrave Macmillan.
- Eger, Maureen et Susan Olzak. 2023. « The Polarizing Effect of Anti-immigrant Violence on Radical Right Sympathies in Germany. » International Migration Review 57 (2) : 746-777.
- Enroth, Henrik. 2020. « The Return of the Repressed: Populism and Democracy Revisited. » American Journal of Cultural Sociology 8 (2) : 246-262.
- Fitzi, Gregor, Jürgen Mackert et Bryan Turner. 2019. Populism and the Crisis of Democracy. Volume 1, Concepts and Theory. Abingdon, Oxon : Routledge.
- Goodin, Robert. 2016. « Enfranchising All Subjected, Worldwide. » International Theory: A Journal of International Politics, Law and Philosophy 8 (3) : 365-389.
- Guia, Aitana. 2016. The Concept of Nativism and Anti-immigrant Sentiments in Europe. Max Weber Programme Working Paper. Fiesole, Italie : European University Institute.
- Harteveld, Eelco, Andrej Kokkonen, Jonas Linde et Stefan Dahlberg. 2021. « A Tough Trade-off? The Asymmetrical Impact of Populist Radical Right Inclusion on Satisfaction with Democracy and Government. » European Political Science Review 13 (1) : 113-133.
- Helbling, Marc, Tim Reeskens et Dietlind Stolle. 2015. « Political Mobilisation, Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion: The Conditional Effect of Political Parties. » Political Studies 63 (1) : 101-122.
- Held, David. 2004. « Democratic Accountability and Political Effectiveness from a Cosmopolitan Perspective. » Government and Opposition 39 (2) : 364-391.
- Heltzel, Gordon et Kristin Laurin. 2020. « Polarization in America: Two Possible Futures. » Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 34 : 179-184.
- Hervik, Peter. 2015. « What Is in the Scandinavian Nexus of “Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, and Muslim-Western Relations”? » Intersections 1 (1) : 66-82.
- Higham, John. 2002 [2e éd.] [1955]. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925. New Brunswick NJ : Rutgers University Press.
- Huber, Robert A. et Christian H. Schimpf. 2016. « A Drunken Guest in Europe? » Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft [Revue de science politique comparative] 10 (2) : 103-129.
- Hunger, Sophia et Fred Paxton. 2022. « What’s in a Buzzword? A Systematic Review of the State of Populism Research in Political Science. » Political Science Research and Methods 10 (3) : 617-633.
- Ivaldi, Gilles. 2022. « Sur l’articulation des attitudes populistes et nativistes en Europe et aux États-Unis. » Appartenances & Altérités (2). https://journals.openedition.org/alterites/296. Consulté le 13 avril 2023.
- Jardina, Ashley. 2019. White Identity Politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Keohane, Robert et Joseph Nye. 2001. « Between Centralization and Fragmentation: The Club Model of Multilateral Cooperation and Problems of Democratic Legitimacy. » KSG Faculty Research Working Papers Series RWP01-004 : 1-27.
- Kešić, Josip et Jan Willem Duyvendak. 2019. « The Nation under Threat: Secularist, Racial and Populist Nativism in the Netherlands. » Patterns of Prejudice 53 (5) : 441-463.
- Kešić, Josip et Jan Willem Duyvendak. 2020. « Secularist Nativism: National Identity and the Religious Other in the Netherlands. » Dans The Secular Sacred. Emotions of Belonging and the Perils of Nation and Religion. Sous la direction de Markus Balkenhol, Ernst Van den Hemel et Irene Stengs, 155-171. Cham : Springer International Publishing.
- Kešić, Josip, Sammy Frenkel, Isabel Speelman et Jan Willem Duyvendak. 2022. « Nativism and Nostalgia in the Netherlands. » Sociological Forum. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/socf.12841. Consulté le 5 juillet 2023.
- Keskinen, Suvi. 2016. « From Welfare Nationalism to Welfare Chauvinism: Economic Rhetoric, the Welfare State and Changing Asylum Policies in Finland. » Critical Social Policy 36 (3) : 352-370.
- Kokkonen, Andrej et Jonas Linde. 2021. « Nativist Attitudes and Opportunistic Support for Democracy. » West European Politics : 1-24.
- Kokkonen, Andrej et Jonas Linde. 2022. « A Nativist Divide? Anti‐immigration Attitudes and Diffuse Support for Democracy in Western Europe. » European Journal of Political Research 62 (3) : 977-988.
- Mason, Lilliana. 2018. Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became our Identity. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press.
- McCoy, Jennifer, Tahmina Rahman et Murat Somer. 2018. « Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities. » American Behavioral Scientist 62 (1) : 16‑42.
- McDonnell, Duncan. 2016. « The Lega Nord: The New Saviour of Northern Italy. » Dans Saving the People. How Populists Hijack Religion. Sous la direction de Nadia Marzouki, Duncan McDonnell et Oliver Roy, 13-28. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Miller, David. 2020. « Reconceiving the Democratic Boundary Problem. » Philosophy Compass 15 (11) : 1‑9.
- Miller-Idriss, Cynthia. 2022. Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right. Princeton NJ : Princeton University Press.
- Mols, Frank et Jolanda Jetten. 2014. « No Guts, No Glory: How Framing the Collective Past Paves the Way for Anti-immigrant Sentiments. » International Journal of Intercultural Relations 43 : 74‑86.
- Mounk, Yascha. 2014. « The Populist Threat to Liberal Democracy. » Foreign Affairs 93 (5) : 27‑36.
- Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Newth, George. 2021. « Rethinking “Nativism”: Beyond the Ideational Approach. » Identities 30 (2) : 161-180.
- Nootens, Geneviève. 2010. Souveraineté démocratique, justice et mondialisation. Essai sur la démocratie libérale et le cosmopolitisme. Montréal : Liber.
- Pappas, Takis. 2018. « How to Tell Nativists from Populists. » Journal of Democracy 29 (1) : 148-152.
- Putnam, Robert. 2007. « E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century. The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. » Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2) : 137-174.
- Riedel, Rafał. 2020. « Nativism Versus Nationalism and Populism: Bridging the Gap. » Central European Papers 6 (2) : 18‑28.
- Roberts, Kenneth M. 2021. « Populism and Polarization in Comparative Perspective: Constitutive, Spatial and Institutional Dimensions. » Government and Opposition 57 (4) : 680-702.
- Rovamo, Helena, Katarina Pettersson et Inari Sakki. 2023. « Who’s to Blame for Failed Integration of Immigrants? Blame Attributions as an Affectively Polarizing Force in Lay Discussions of Immigration in Finland. » Political Psychology 45 (2) : 235-258.
- Rzepnikowska, Alina. 2019. « Racism and Xenophobia Experienced by Polish Migrants in the UK Before and after Brexit Vote. » Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (1) : 61‑77.
- Schmidt-Catran, Alexander et Christian Czymara. 2023. « Political Elite Discourses Polarize Attitudes Toward Immigration along Ideological Lines: A Comparative Longitudinal Analysis of Europe in the Twenty-first Century. » Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 49 (1) : 85-109.
- Schmuck, Desirée, Raffael Heiss et Jörg Matthes. 2020. « Drifting Further Apart? How Exposure to Media Portrayals of Muslims Affects Attitude Polarization. » Political Psychology 41 (6) : 1055-1072.
- Shairgojri, Aadil Ahmad et Showkat Ahmad Dar. 2021. « Voices from India’s Borderlands against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA-2019). An Explanatory Study. » Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024 1 (02) : 24‑34.
- Shi, Mei. 2023. « An Exploration of the Reasons Why Right-wing Populist Parties in Europe are Anti-immigration: The Case of Italy. » Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 15 : 128-133.
- Simonsen, Kristina Bakkaer. 2021. « The Democratic Consequences of Anti-immigrant Political Rhetoric: Mixed Methods Study of Immigrants’ Political Belonging. » Political Behavior 43 (1) : 143-174.
- Skenderovic, Damir. 2007. « Immigration and the Radical Right in Switzerland: Ideology, Discourse and Opportunities. » Patterns of Prejudice 41 (2) : 155-176.
- Somer, Murat et Jennifer Mccoy. 2019. « Transformations through Polarizations and Global Threats to Democracy. » The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681 (1) : 8‑22.
- Spitzer, Aaron John. 2021. « Approaching the Boundary Problem: Self-determination, Inclusion, and the Unpuzzling of Transboundary Conflicts. » Journal of International Political Theory 18 (2) : 244-261.
- Svolik, Milan. 2019. « Polarization Versus Democracy. » Journal of Democracy 30 (3) : 20‑32.
- Switzer, Ryan et Adrien Beauduin. 2022. « Embodied Nativism in Denmark: Rethinking Violence and the Far Right. » Ethnic and Racial Studies 46 (7) : 1335-1356.
- Talisse, Robert. 2021. Sustaining Democracy: What We Owe to the Other Side. New York : Oxford University Press.
- Taylor, Steven. 2000. « Progressive Nativism: The Know-nothing Party in Massachusetts. » Historical Journal of Massachusetts 28 (2) : 167-184.
- Torcal, Mariano et Pedro C. Magalhães. 2022. « Ideological Extremism, Perceived Party System Polarization, and Support for Democracy. » European Political Science Review 14 (2) : 188-205.
- Vegetti, Federico. 2019. « The Political Nature of Ideological Polarization: The Case of Hungary. » The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681 (1) : 78‑96.
- Vieten, Ulrike et Scott Poynting. 2016. « Contemporary Far-right Racist Populism in Europe. » Journal of Intercultural Studies 37 (6) : 533-540.
- Weisskircher, Manès (dir.). 2023. Contemporary Germany and the Fourth Wave of Far-Right Politics: From the Streets to Parliament. New York : Routledge.
- Wolkenstein, Fabio. 2019. « Populism, Liberal Democracy and the Ethics of Peoplehood. » European Journal of Political Theory 18 (3) : 330-348.
- Young, Clifford, Katie Ziemer et Chris Jackson. 2019. « Explaining Trump’s Popular Support: Validation of a Nativism Index. » Social Science Quarterly 100 (2) : 412-418.