Résumés
Abstract
A multilingual comparable corpus is a corpus containing texts that are collected using the same sampling frame and similar balance and representativeness. According to McEnery and Xiao (2007: 20), presenting proportion, genre, domain, and time constitutes the main criteria when compiling a comparable corpus and these criteria must match in the different languages for the corpus to be considered comparable. The problem is that these criteria do not always guarantee that the different language subcorpora in a comparable corpus match. This study, which analyzes two comparable corpora compiled by the authors, shows that, even when the text selection criteria are refined, genre theory cannot always guarantee enough linguistic similarities between language for specific purposes (LSP) texts in different languages. Genre seems to suffice to establish a good comparable corpus for scientific abstracts. However, the comparable corpus of wine tasting notes is not truly comparable, since the English and Spanish texts differ in register.
Keywords:
- language for specific purposes,
- genre,
- comparable corpora,
- translation studies,
- pragmatics
Résumé
Un corpus comparable est un corpus multilingue qui contient des textes recueillis en utilisant les mêmes critères tout en reflétant un équilibre et une représentativité similaires. Selon McEnery and Xiao (2007 : 20), la proportion, le genre, le domaine et l’époque constituent les principaux critères de compilation d’un corpus comparable, et ces critères doivent correspondre dans les différentes langues pour que le corpus soit comparable. Malheureusement, ces critères n’assurent pas toujours le caractère comparable des corpus de langues différentes. Notre étude, qui analyse deux corpus comparables compilés par les auteurs, démontre que, même si on raffine les critères de sélection de textes, la théorie des genres ne garantit pas toujours assez de ressemblances linguistiques entre les textes de langues de spécialité dans les langues différentes. Le genre semble suffire pour établir un bon corpus comparable des résumés d’articles scientifiques. Cependant, le corpus comparable de fiches de dégustation de vin n’est pas vraiment comparable, surtout à cause des variations de registre.
Mots-clés :
- langues de spécialité,
- genre,
- corpus comparables,
- traduction,
- pragmatique
Resumen
Los corpus comparables son corpus multilingües que se construyen usando los mismos criterios de compilación y representatividad. Como afirman McEnery y Xiao (2007: 20), los criterios principales a la hora de compilar un corpus comparable, deben ser proporcionalidad, género, campo de especialidad y año de publicación de las muestras; además, estos autores destacan que se tienen que aplicar estos criterios en las diferentes lenguas o en los diferentes subcorpus que integran el corpus comparable. Sin embargo, el uso de estos criterios no garantiza que los subcorpus de diferentes lenguas sean parejos en términos de comparación. El presente estudio, que analiza dos corpus comparables de dos lenguajes de especialidad diferentes, la enología y la medicina y compilados ad hoc, demuestra que, incluso aunque se definan minuciosamente los criterios de compilación, el uso del mismo género no es un criterio de comparación suficientemente válido en diferentes lenguas. El análisis de nuestro corpus demuestra que el concepto de género parece ser válido para establecer una comparación en el caso de los abstracts científicos, pero no ocurre lo mismo en el caso de las fichas de cata ya que los textos incluyen registros diferentes en inglés y en español.
Palabras clave:
- lenguajes de especialdiad,
- género,
- corpus comparables,
- traducción,
- pragmatica
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Aijmer, Karim and Altenberg, Bengt (1996): Introduction, papers from a symposium on text-based cross-linguistic studies. In: Karim Aijmer, Bengt Altenberg, and Mats Johansson, eds. Lund studies in English 88. Languages in Contrast. Lund: Lund University Press, 11-16.
- Allen, Robert (1989): Bursting bubbles: “Soap opera” audiences and the limits of genre. In: Ellen Seiter, Hans Borchers, Gabriele Kreutzner, and Eva-Maria Warth, eds. Remote Control: Television, Audiences and Cultural Power. London: Routledge, 44-55.
- Biber, Douglas (1988): Variation Across Speech and Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Biber, Douglas (1993): Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing. 8(4):243-257.
- Biber Douglas, Connor, Ulla and Upton, Thomas M. (2007): Discourse on the Move. Using Corpus Analysis to Describe Discourse Structure. Antwerp: John Benjamins.
- Biber, Douglas and Conrad, Susan (2009): Register, Genre and Style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bowker Lynne, L and Pearson, Jennifer (2002): Working with Specialized Languages: A Practical Guide to Using Corpora. London: Routledge.
- Caballero, Rosario and Suárez-Toste, Ernesto (2008): Translating the senses: Teaching the metaphors in winespeak. In: Frank Boers and Seth Lindstromberg, eds. Cognitive Linguistic Approaches to Teaching Vocabulary and Phraseology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 241-259.
- Caballero, Rosario and Suárez-Toste, Ernesto (2010): A genre approach to imagery in winespeak: Issues and prospects. In: Graham Low, Zazie Todd, Alice Deignan, and Lynne Cameron, eds. Researching and Applying Metaphor in the Real World. Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamins, 265-290.
- Chujo, Kiyomi and Utiyama, Masao (2005): Understanding the role of text length, sample size and vocabulary size in determining text coverage. Reading in a Foreign Language. 17(1):1-22.
- Clarke, Roland J. and Bakker, Jokkie (2004): Wine: Flavour Chemistry. Oxford: Blackwell.
- Coutier, Martine (1994). Tropes et termes: le vocabulaire de la dégustation du vin. Meta. 39(4):662-675.
- Crystal, David and Davy, Derek (1969): Investigating English Style. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- EAGLES (1996): Preliminary recommendations on corpus typology. http://www.ilc.cnr.it/EAGLES96/corpustyp/corpustyp.html. Last consulted 11 April 2014.
- Feuer, Jane (1992): Genre study and television. In: Robert C. Allen, ed. Channels of Discourse, Reassembled: Television and Contemporary Criticism. London: Routledge, 138-159.
- Flowerdew, Lynne (2008): Corpus-based analyses of the problem-solution pattern. Antwerp: John Benjamins.
- Gawel, Richard (1997): The use of language by trained and untrained experienced wine tasters. Journal of Sensory Studies. 12:267-284.
- Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood (1978): Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
- Hashemi, Homa, Shakery, Azadeh, and Faili, Hesham (2010): Creating a Persian-English comparable corpus. Multilingual and Multimodal Information Access Evaluation. 6360:27-39.
- Hymes, Dell (1974): Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- ISO 214:1976. International Organization for Standardization. 1976. http://www.iso.org/iso/home.html. Last accessed 12 August 2013.
- Jordan, Michael P (1991): The linguistic genre of abstracts. In: Angela Della Volpe, ed. The Seventeenth LACUS Forum 1990. Lake Bluff: LACUS, 507-527.
- Kress, Gunther (1988): Communication and Culture: An Introduction. Kensington: New South Wales University Press.
- Lawless, Harry (1984): Flavour description of white wine by expert and non-expert wine consumers. Journal of Food Science. 49:120-123.
- Lee, David (2001): Genres, registers, text types, domains and styles: clarifying the concepts and navigating a path through the BNC jungle. Language Learning and Technology. 5:37-72.
- Lehrer, Adrienne (2009): Wine and Conversation. New York: Oxford University Press.
- López Arroyo, Belén (2001): Estudio descriptivo comparado inglés-español de la representación del conocimiento en los abstracts de las ciencias de la salud. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.
- López Arroyo, Belén (2004): English and Spanish medical research papers and abstracts: How differently are they structured? In: José M. Bravo Gozalo, ed. A New Spectrum of Translation Studies. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 175-193.
- López Arroyo Belén and Méndez Cendón, Beatriz (2005): Describing phraseological devices in medical abstracts: An English/Spanish contrastive analysis. Meta. 52(3):506-516.
- Luzón Marco, M. José (2000): Collocational frameworks in medical research papers: A genre based study. English for Specific Purposes. 19:63-86.
- Martyn, John and Slater, Margaret (1964): Tests on abstracts journals. Journal of Documentation. 20(4):212-235.
- McEnery, Tony (2003): Corpus linguistics. In: Ruslan Mitkov, ed. Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 448-463.
- McEnery, Tony, and Xiao Richard (2007): Parallel and comparable corpora: What are they up to? In: Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, eds. Incorporating Corpora: Translation and the Linguist. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 8-31.
- Mendiluce Cabrera, Gustavo (2005): Estudio comparado ingles/español del discurso biomédico escrito: la secuenciación informativa, la matización asertiva y la conexión argumentativa en la Introducción y la Discusión de artículos biomédicos escritos por autores nativos y no nativos. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.
- Neale, Stephen (1980): Genre. London: British Film Institute.
- Negro, Isabel (2012): Wine discourse in the French language. Rael: Revista Electronica de Linguistica Aplicada. 11:1-12.
- Nord, Christiane (1997): Translating as a Purposeful Activity. Manchester: St. Jerome.
- Nwogu, Kimny (1997): The medical research paper: Structure and functions. English for Specific Purposes. 16(2):119-138.
- Paradis, Carita and Eeg-Olofsson Mats (2013): Describing sensory experience. The genre of wine reviews. Metaphor and Symbol. 28(1):22-40.
- Rossi, Micaela (2012): Pour une description du processus de création des métaphores dans le langage du vin – étude comparative français-italien. In: Laurent Gautier and Eva Lavric. eds. Unité et diversité dans le discours sur le vin en Europe. Insbruck: Insbruck University Press, 23-40.
- Russell, Pamela (1988): How to Write a Précis. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.
- Sager, Juan C., Dungworth, David, and Mcdonald, Peter (1980): English Special Languages: Principles and Practice in Science and Technology. Wiesbaden: Brandsletter.
- Silverstein, Michael (2004): ‘Cultural’ concepts and the language-culture nexus. Current Anthropology. 45(5):621-652.
- Suárez Toste, Ernesto (2007): Metaphor inside the wine cellar: On the ubiquity of personification schemas in winespeak. Metaphorik.de. 12:53-63.
- Suter, Hans J (1993): The Wedding Report. A Prototypical Approach to the Study of Traditional Text Types. Antwerp: John Benjamins.
- Swales, John (1990): Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Swales, John (2004): Research Genres. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- The Jama network (2013): The Journal of the American Medical Association. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/journal.aspx. Last Accessed 11 April 2014.
- Upton, Thomas (2002): Understanding direct mail letters as a genre.’ International Journal of Corpus Linguistics. 7(1):65-85.
- Vázquez Y Del Árbol, Esther (2006): La redacción y traducción biomédica ingles-español. Granada: Universidad de Granada.
- Ventola, Eija (1994): From syntax to text: Problems in producing scientific abstracts in L2. In: Svĕtla Čmejrková and František Štícha, eds. The Syntax of Sentence and Text. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 283-303.
- Yule, George (2007): The Study of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wipf, Betina (2010): Wine writing meets MIPVU: Linguistic metaphor identification of tasting notes. Master’s Thesis. Unpublished. Antwerp: VU University.
10.7202/002423ar