Béranger in Nineteenth-Century America: Translating Revolution

Steele, Robert

doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1066942ar

Feuilleter les articles de ce numéro

Reading French in Early Nineteenth-Century New York: The New York Society Library as Agent of Cultural Exchange

John Sanderson, Alexis de Tocqueville et Jules Janin : Sketches of Paris, ou la question de la démocratie sous la monarchie de Juillet

Plan de l’article

Retour au début
Résumé
Bibliography

Boîte à outils

PDFTélécharger
Citer cet article
Partager

Résumés

Abstract

Pierre-Jean de Béranger (1780–1857) was revered during his lifetime as the national poet of France. His championing of the Revolution and the people earned him significant impact in the United States; an antebellum American reviewer touted Béranger’s patriotism and his struggle for liberty as a model for an American national poetry. Translations of his songs were published in various formats at various prices by major publishers who also imported French-language editions. Translators struggled to bring his politically radical and sexually scandalous texts across linguistic and cultural borders to construct a Béranger who could be understood in the United States. Yet by refusing to translate Béranger, direct-language pioneer Lambert Sauveur subversively exposed his students to the Christian roots of socialism and a defense of the Paris Commune. By century’s end, Béranger’s influence had faded to mere inclusion in delicately suggestive anthologies, but his voice lived on to inspire leftists of the next century.

Keywords:

Translation,
national poetry,
song,
politics and literature,
Pierre-Jean de Béranger

Résumé

Pierre-Jean de Béranger (1780-1857) était considéré par ses contemporains comme le poète national de la France; aux États-Unis on apprécia tout particulièrement sa défense de la Révolution et du peuple. Déjà en 1831 un critique américain voyait dans le patriotisme de Béranger et sa lutte pour la liberté la source d’une poétique nationale américaine. Des éditeurs importèrent ses oeuvres en langue française et en publièrent des traductions en langue anglaise, sous différents formats et à différents prix, bien que la barrière linguistique et culturelle fasse parfois obstacle à l’intelligibilité de ses textes subversifs et scandaleux. En refusant de traduire Béranger, Lambert Sauveur, pionnier de la méthode directe de l’enseignement de langues, plongea ses élèves dans un discours sur les origines chrétiennes du socialisme et une défense de la Commune de Paris. Que Béranger figure dans certains recueils érotiques de la fin du siècle n’empêcha pas sa voix de résonner après 1900 et d’inspirer les radicaux du xx^e siècle.

Mots-clés :

Traduction,
poésie nationale,
chanson,
politique et littérature,
Pierre-Jean de Béranger

Parties annexes

Bibliography

Editions and translations of Béranger (consulted in print unless otherwise noted)

Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “Away with the Bourbons, translated from the French of Béranger, for the New York American.” [Translated by Jonathan Lawrence, Jr.]. Niles’ Weekly Register, October 2, 1830, 96. Hathitrust.
10.1038/scientificamerican01191850-138b Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Béranger: Two Hundred of his Lyrical Poems, done into English Verse by William Young. New York: George P. Putnam, 1850.
10.5790/hongkong/9789888208722.001.0001 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Béranger: Two Hundred of his Lyrical Poems, done into English Verse by William Young. London: Published for the Author, 1850 (preface dated from New York). Google Books.
10.9783/9780812291315 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Béranger: Two Hundred of his Lyrical Poems, done into English Verse by William Young. New ed. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1857.
10.2307/26410291 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Béranger: Two Hundred of his Lyrical Poems, done into English Verse by William Young. 4th ed. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1869.
10.4000/books.pur.117470 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “The Carrier Pigeon, from the French of Béranger,” signed W.D. Athenaeum: Journal of English and Foreign Literature, Science and the Fine Arts, no. 609 (June 29, 1839): 484. Google Books.
10.3917/rhlf.141.0111 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Chansons de Béranger. Éd. complète, entièrement conforme à la nouvelle édition que l’auteur vient de publier à Paris. Bruxelles: Louis Hauman et compe, 1836. Hathitrust.
10.9783/9780812209747 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Les Chansons de Béranger, avec notes et commentaires historiques. Edited by Lambert Sauveur. New York: F. W. Christern, W.R. Jenkins; Boston: Carl Schoenhof, 1889.
10.3138/9781442683310 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Correspondance de Béranger, recueillie par Paul Boiteau. 4 vols. Paris: Perrotin, 1860. Hathitrust.
10.3917/rlc.313.0005 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Chansons de P.-J. de Béranger, supplément. Bruxelles: Laurent frères, 1830.
10.4000/books.pur.96040 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Dernières chansons de P.J. de Béranger de 1834 à 1851, avec une lettre et une préface de l’auteur. San Francisco: Henry Payot, 1858. Google Books.
10.4159/9780674042964 Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “The Exiled Angel, from the French of Béranger.” Translated by Joseph Price. New Yorker 1, no. 13 (June 18, 1836): 199. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “The Holy Alliance of the Nations.” Translated by Margarete Munsterberg. Nation 107, no. 2783 (November 2, 1918), 515. EbscoHost 13748033.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Ma Biographie. Paris: Perrotin, 1860.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “My Old Coat, freely translated from the French of Béranger,” signed W.F. [Translated by W. Falconer]. New Yorker 3, no. 10 (November 23, 1839): 145. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. One Hundred Songs of Pierre-Jean de Béranger, with translation by William Young. London: Chapman and Hall, 1847.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Oeuvres complètes de P.-J. de Béranger. 4 vols. Paris: Perrotin, 1834.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Oeuvres complètes de P.-J. de Béranger. Nouvelle éd. revue par l’auteur, illustrée de cinquante-cinq belles gravures sur acier entièrement inédites. 2 vols. Paris: Perrotin, 1847.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Oeuvres complètes de P.J. de Béranger, contenant les dix chansons nouvelles. Avec un portrait gravé sur bois d’après Charlet. 2 vols. Paris: Perrotin, 1850.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Oeuvres complètes de P.-J. de Béranger. Tome V, Supplément. Paris: Chez tous les marchands de nouveautés, 1834.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “Pierre-Jean de Béranger: Selected Poems (1813–48).” In French Liberalism in the 19^th Century: An Anthology, edited by Robert Leroux and David M. Hart, 136–51. London, New York: Routledge, 2012.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “Le roi d’Yvetot, from De Beranger.” Translated by J. Waring. Metropolitan Magazine 13, no. 52 (August 1835): 369. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “La Sainte Alliance du Peuple, from the French of Béranger.” New-Yorker 8, no. 1 (September 21, 1839): 7. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “La Sainte Alliance du Peuple […], from the French of Béranger,” signed W.D. Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine 6, [no. 6] (June 1839): 352. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “Secret Courtship, from the French of Béranger.” New York Morning Herald 3, no. 26 (July 26, 1837): 4. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Songs from Béranger. Translated in the original metres by Craven Langstroth Betts. New York: Frederick A. Stokes & Brother, 1888.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Songs of Béranger, done into English Verse by William Young. New ed., revised from the fourth American edition. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1878.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Songs of Béranger, translated by the author of the “Exile of Idria” etc., with a sketch of the life of Béranger up to the present time. [Translated by John Gervas Hutchinson Bourne]. London: William Pickering, 1837.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. The Songs of Béranger in English, with a Sketch of the Author’s Life. [Edited by Rufus Wilmot Griswold]. Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1844.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. Songs of France from Napoleon I. to Louis Philippe. Edited by Lambert Sauveur, translated by Margaret Tatnall Canby and Virginia Roberts Bowers. Limited ed. Philadelphia: Wm. F. Fell, 1894.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “The Suicide […], from the French of Beranger.” [Translated by W. Falconer]. New Yorker 3, no. 11 (June 3, 1837): 161. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “Unpublished Songs from the French of Beranger: No. 3, La Sainte Alliance des peuples.” [Translated by William Young]. Albion 7, no. 25 (June 17, 1848): 289. American Periodicals, ProQuest document ID 89510687.
Google Scholar
Béranger, Pierre-Jean de. “Les Veterans, from the French of Beranger.” [Translated by Jonathan Lawrence, Jr.]. Knickerbocker 1, no. 3 (March 1833): 139–40. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar

Primary sources (consulted in HathiTrust unless otherwise noted)

Advertisement for George P. Putnam. Norton’s Literary Gazette and Publishers’ Circular 2, no. 6 (June 15, 1852): 124 [misprint for 104].
Google Scholar
Advertisement for Roe Lockwood & Son. Norton’s Literary Gazette and Publishers’ Circular 2, no. 1 (January 15, 1852): 17.
Google Scholar
“Anecdotes Concerning Well-Known People: The Making of a Journalist.” Sunday Star (Washington D.C.), November 17, 1907, 4:2. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov.
Google Scholar
“Authors and Books.” International Weekly Miscellany of Literature, Art, and Science 1, no. 5 (July 29, 1850): 138–39.
10.1038/scientificamerican01191850-138b Google Scholar
“Babushka,” signed. M.H.B.M. Nation 107, no. 2783 (November 2, 1918): 513. EbscoHost 13748030.
Google Scholar
Benjamin, Park. “Some Things of de Béranger.” Columbian Lady’s and Gentleman’s Magazine 1, [no. 3] (March 1844): 134–37.
Google Scholar
“Béranger à Manuel.” In Biographie du citoyen Béranger, 6. [Paris]: Chez Vente, Imp. de E. Bautruche, [1848]. Print.
Google Scholar
“Béranger, his genius and influence.” Knickerbocker Magazine 2, no. 3 (September 1833): 171–87.
Google Scholar
“Biographical Notices of Individuals Lately Deceased.” Knickerbocker Magazine 2, no. 1 (July 1833): 74–76.
Google Scholar
Boiste, Pierre-Claude-Victoire. Dictionnaire universel de la langue française, 7th ed. Paris: Verdière, 1829.
Google Scholar
[Bourne, John Gervas Hutchinson]. The Exile of Idria: A German Tale, in Three Cantos. London: Cochrane and M’Crone, 1833.
Google Scholar
[Bullen, Mary Swinton Legaré]. “Biographical Notice.” In Hugh Swinton Legaré, Writings of Hugh Swinton Legaré, edited by his sister [Mary Swinton Legaré Bullen], 2 vols., 1:v–lxxii. Charleston, SC: Burges & James, 1845–46.
Google Scholar
Catalogue des ouvrages condamnés depuis 1814 jusqu’à ce jour (1er septembre 1827). Paris: Pillet aîné, 1827.
Google Scholar
Curwen, Harry, [ed. and trans]. Echoes from the French Poets: An Anthology. London: John Camden Hotten, 1870.
Google Scholar
Curwen, Harry, ed. and trans. French Love Songs, and Other Poems. New York: Carleton and London: S. Low, Son & Co., 1871. Print.
Google Scholar
[Curwen, Harry, ed. and trans]. Love Songs of France. New York: New Amsterdam Book Company, 1896. Print.
Google Scholar
Enne, Francis, and O. Monprofit. Panthéon républicain. Paris: Arthème Fayard, 1874. Google Books.
Google Scholar
Flaubert, Gustave. Correspondance, 4 vols. Paris: Bibliothèque Charpentier, 1894–99.
Google Scholar
Gill, William F. The Life of Edgar Allan Poe. 3rd ed. London: Chatto and Windus, 1878.
Google Scholar
Griswold, Rufus Wilmot. Passages from the Correspondence and Other Papers of Rufus W. Griswold. Cambridge, MA: W.M. Griswold, 1898.
Google Scholar
Hartmann and Millard. Le Texas, ou, Notice historique sur le Champ d’Asile. Paris: Béguin, Béchet, Delaunay; Gand: Houdin, juin 1819. Gallica.
Google Scholar
Héricault, Charles d’. La Révolution, 1789-1882. Paris: Librairie de D. Dumoulin, 1883. Print.
Google Scholar
“Jean Pierre [sic] de Béranger,” review of Béranger, Two Hundred of his Songs, done into English by William Young. International Miscellany of Literature, Art, and Science 1, no. 4 (November 1, 1850): 454–58.
Google Scholar
Laveaux, J[ean]-Ch[arles]. Nouveau dictionnaire de la langue française, 2 vols. Paris: Deterville, Lefèvre, 1820.
Google Scholar
Lawrence, Jonathan, Jr. A Selection from the Writings of the Late Jonathan Lawrence, Junior. New York: n.p., 1833.
Google Scholar
“Le Lion muselé,” signed Béranger. Times (London) no. 4914 (July 26, 1832): 3. The Times Digital Archive, Gale.
Google Scholar
Littré, Émile. Comment j’ai fait mon Dictionnaire de la langue française. Nouv. éd. Paris: Librairie Ch. Delgrave, 1897. Gallica.
Google Scholar
Littré, Émile. Dictionnaire de la langue française. 4 vols. Paris, Librairie Hachette & cie, 1873-74. Gallica.
Google Scholar
[Monroe, Harriet]. “Introduction.” In The New Poetry: An Anthology, edited by Harriet Monroe and Alice Corbin Henderson, v-xiii. New York: Macmillan, 1918.
Google Scholar
“New Books.” Littell’s Living Age 27, no. 345 (December 28, 1850): 619–20.
Google Scholar
“Pierre Jean de Beranger, ‘The Poet of the People.’” New Yorker 3, no. 3 (April 8, 1837): 33–34.
Google Scholar
Poe, Edgar Allan. Tales. New York: Wiley and Putnam, 1845.
Google Scholar
“Putnam’s List of Illustrated and Choice Books, Elegantly Bound for Holiday Presents.”Advertisement. Norton’s Literary Advertiser 1, no. 8 (December 15, 1851): 108.
Google Scholar
Review (unsigned) of Chansons de P.J. de Béranger and Chansons inédites de P.J.de Béranger. Southern Review, no. 13 (May 1831): 42–67.
Google Scholar
Review (unsigned) of Méditations poétiques, by Alphonse de la Martine [sic], Trois Messeniennes, by Casimir de la Vigne [sic], and Chansons &c., by J. B. [sic] de Béranger.Edinburgh Review 37, no. 74 (November 1822): 407–32.
Google Scholar
Sloane, William Milligan. “Napoleon and Hohenzollern,” Nation 107, no. 2783 (November 2, 1918), 508–10. EbscoHost 13748028.
Google Scholar
Smibert, Thomas. Io Anche! Poems, Chiefly Lyrical. Edinburgh: James Hogg; London: R. Groombridge & Sons, 1851.
Google Scholar
“The Songs of France: On Wine, War, Woemen, Wooden Shoes, Filosophy, Frogs, and Free Trade, from the Prout Papers [sic].” Fraser’s Magazine for Town and Country 10, no. 58 (October 1834): 464–80; no. 59 (November 1834): 587–602; no. 60 (December 1834): 666–82; 11, no. 61 (January 1835): 83–99.
Google Scholar
“Songs of Pierre Jean de Béranger,” signed V. Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine no. 14 (May 1833): 149–68.
Google Scholar
Thackeray, William Makepeace. The Paris Sketch Book, by Mr. M. A. Titmarsh. 2 vols. London: John Macrone, 1840. Internet Archive.
Google Scholar
“Two Hundred of Béranger’s Lyrics, Translated into English verse by William Young.” Advertisement. Albion: A Journal of News, Politics and Literature 10, no. 2 (January 11, 1851): 24. American Periodicals, ProQuest document ID 89515328.
Google Scholar
“The Week.” Nation 107, no. 2783 (November 2, 1918), 499. EbscoHost 13748026.
Google Scholar
Whitman, Walt. “The Moral Effect of the Atlantic Cable.” Brooklyn Daily Times, August 20, 1858. Reprinted in Walt Whitman’s Selected Journalism, edited by Douglas A. Noverr and Jason Stacy, 105–6. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2015. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt20p585k.45.
Google Scholar
Wirt, William. Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry. Philadelphia: James Webster, 1817.
Google Scholar
“Young’s Béranger,” Sharpe’s London Journal of Entertainment and Instruction for General Reading 13 ([1851]): 94–96.
Google Scholar

Secondary sources (consulted in print unless otherwise noted)

Bayless, Joy. Rufus Wilmot Griswold: Poe’s Literary Executor. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1943.
Google Scholar
Bell, David A. The Cult of the Nation in France: Inventing Nationalism, 1680-1800. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
Google Scholar
Bowring, Philip. Free Trade’s First Missionary: Sir John Bowring in Europe and Asia. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2014.
10.5790/hongkong/9789888208722.001.0001 Google Scholar
Brivois, Jules. Bibliographie de l’oeuvre de P.-J. de Béranger. Paris: L. Conquet, 1876.
Google Scholar
Buckner, Phillip. “Bourne, John Gervas Hutchinson.” In Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 7. Toronto/Québec: University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bourne_john_gervas_hutchinson_7E.html.
Google Scholar
Cohen, Michael C. The Social Lives of Poems in Nineteenth-Century America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015.
10.9783/9780812291315 Google Scholar
Derrida, Jacques. “Living On / Border Lines.” Translated by James Hulbert. In Deconstruction and Criticism (New York: Seabury Press, 1979), 75–176.
Google Scholar
Finotti, Irene. Lambert Sauveur à l’ombre de Maximilian Berlitz: Les débuts de la méthode directe aux États-Unis. Bologna: Clueb, 2010.
Google Scholar
Freehling, William W. Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836. New York and London: Harper & Row, 1966.
Google Scholar
Glionna, John M. “Nevada Newspaper where Mark Twain Made His Name is Back in Business.” Los Angeles Times, April 15, 2015. https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-mark-twain-newspaper-20150405-story.html.
Google Scholar
Greenspan, Ezra. “A Publisher’s Legacy: The George Palmer Putnam Correspondence.” Princeton University Chronicle 54, no. 1 (Autumn 1992): 39–63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26410291.
10.2307/26410291 Google Scholar
Guttenplan, D. D. The Nation: A Biography (The First 150 Years). [New York]: The Nation, 2015.
Google Scholar
Guyver, Christopher. The Second French Republic, 1848–1852:A Political Reinterpretation. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Google Scholar
Hamburger, Jean. Monsieur Littré. [Paris]: Flammarion, 1988.
Google Scholar
Hayat, Samuel. Quand la République était révolutionnaire: Citoyenneté et représentation en 1848. [Paris]: Éditions du Seuil, 2014.
Google Scholar
Higgins, Jennifer. English Responses to French Poetry 1880–1940: Translation and Mediation. London: Legenda, 2011.
Google Scholar
Hudson, Frederic. Journalism in the United States, from 1690 to 1872. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1873. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Hutchison, Coleman. Apples and Ashes: Literature, Nationalism, and the Confederate States of America. Athens, GA and London: University of Georgia Press, 2012.
Google Scholar
Joyaux, Georges J. “The Reception of Pierre-Jean de Béranger in America: 1818-1848.” French Review 26, no. 4 (February 1953): 268–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/382547.
Google Scholar
Latané, David E. William Maginn and the British Press: A Critical Biography. Farnham, Surrey, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2013.
10.1057/978-1-137-59740-3 Google Scholar
Leterrier, Sophie-Anne. Béranger: des chansons pour un peuple citoyen. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013.
10.4000/books.pur.117470 Google Scholar
Leterrier, Sophie-Anne. “Béranger, poète ou chansonnier? Les Jugements de l’histoire littéraire.” Revue d’histoire littéraire de la France 114, no. 1 (2014): 111–22. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42796852.
10.3917/rhlf.141.0111 Google Scholar
McGill, Meredith L. American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834–1853. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
10.9783/9780812209747 Google Scholar
Mount, Nick. When Canadian Literature Moved to New York. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. ProQuest Ebook.
10.3138/9781442683310 Google Scholar
Mott, Frank Luther. A History of American Magazines. 5 vols. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957–68.
Google Scholar
National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. 63 vols. New York: James T. White & Company, 1898–1984. HathiTrust.
Google Scholar
Petzold, Stéphanie. “Pierre-Claude-Victoire Boiste.” Musée virtuel des dictionnaires. https://dictionnaires.u-cergy.fr/auteurs/boiste.html.
Google Scholar
Phelan, Joseph. “The British Reception of Pierre-Jean de Béranger.” Revue de littérature comparée, no. 313 (2005): 5–20. https://www.cairn.info/revue-de-litterature-comparee-2005-1-page-5.htm.
10.3917/rlc.313.0005 Google Scholar
Rey, Marie-Pierre. “La Sainte-Alliance du tsar Alexandre 1^er.” In Rien appris, rien oublié? Les Restaurations dans l’Europe postnapoléonienne (1814–1830), edited by Jean-Claude Caron and Jean-Philippe Luis, 199–212. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2015.
10.4000/books.pur.96040 Google Scholar
Rubin, Joan Shelley. Songs of Ourselves: The Uses of Poetry in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
10.4159/9780674042964 Google Scholar
Schmidt, Barbara. “Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, 1862–1868.” Mark Twain Quotations, Newspaper Collections, & Related Resources. http://www.twainquotes.com/teindex.html.
Google Scholar
Schopp, Claude. “Victor Escousse: naissance d’une légende.” L’Ull Crític, no. 8 (2003): 81–117. https://www.raco.cat/index.php/UllCritic/article/view/207808.
Google Scholar
Shook, John R., ed. The Dictionary of Early American Philosophers. 2 vols. New York: Continuum, 2012. Google Books.
Google Scholar
Spencer, Benjamin T. The Quest for Nationality: An American Literary Campaign. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1957.
Google Scholar
Steele, Robert O. “Encrypted Bodies: Béranger, Manuel and the Secrets of Revolutionary Desire.” Paper presentation at “Odd Bodies,” Interdisciplinary Nineteenth Century Studies Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 2017.
Google Scholar
Steele, Robert O. “Regicide and the Eloquence of Silence: the Expulsion of Manuel from the Assembly (1823) and Béranger’s Chansons nouvelles (1825). Nineteenth-Century French Studies 47, no. 3/4 (Spring/Summer 2019): 229–44.
10.1353/ncf.2019.0005 Google Scholar
Touchard, Jean. La Gloire de Béranger. 2 vols. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1968. Ebook.
Google Scholar
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lion of Liberty: Patrick Henry and the Call to a New Nation. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2010.
Google Scholar
Venuti, Lawrence. Translation Changes Everything: Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.
10.4324/9780203074428 Google Scholar
Watts, George B. “The Teaching of French in the United States: A History.” French Review 37, no. 1 (Oct. 1963): 3–165. https://www.jstor.org/stable/384110.
Google Scholar