Résumés
Abstract
Background: Canada’s settler history and legacy impacts of colonialization mean that policy is grounded in Eurocentric ideals which exacerbate vulnerabilities for Indigenous families due to gendered and racialized experiences. Objectives: Our purpose was to understand the experiences of Indigenous women as they try and secure safe affordable housing for themselves and their children. Methods: We utilized a community-based approach and interviewed 12 urban Indigenous women with current or recent experiences of homelessness. Results: Structural violence and racism manifested in three ways: trauma leads to homelessness which leads to trauma; families are trapped in dependency; the search for housing leads to fear of violence. Conclusion: The existence of multiple polices and frameworks to prevent human rights and housing violations are inadequate in protecting Indigenous women and children from racism and violence. An anti-colonial approach is necessary to review and align mainstream policy. This work must be led by lived experience experts.
Keywords:
- Structural Violence,
- Racism,
- Homelessness,
- Policy
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Agrawal, S. (2020). Human rights and the city: A view from Canada. Journal of the American Planning Association, 87 (1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1775680
- Alberta Human Rights Act, RSA 2000, cA-25.5.
- Alberta Human Rights Commission (2021). Indigenous human rights strategy.
- Anooshian, L.J. (2005). Violence and aggression in the lives of homeless children: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10(2), 129-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.004
- Bassuk, E., Volk, K., & Oliver. J. (2010). A Framework for developing supports and services for families experiencing homelessness. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3, 34- 40. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874924001003020034
- Benoit, A. C., Cotnam, J., O’Brien-Teengs, D., Greene, S., Beaver, K., Zoccole, A., & Loutfy, M. (2019). Racism experiences of urban Indigenous women in Ontario, Canada: We all have that story that will break your heart. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 10(2) https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2019.10.2.1
- Bingham B., Moniruzzaman, A., Patterson, M., Sareen, J., Distasio, J., O’Neil, J., & Somers, J. (2019). Gender differences among Indigenous Canadians experiencing homelessness and mental illness. BMC Psychology, 1, (57). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0331-y
- Braveman, P.A., Arkin, E., Proctor, D., Kauh, T., & Holm, N. (2022). Systemic and structural racism: Definitions, examples, health damages and approaches to dismantling. Health Equity, 41(2), 171-178. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01394
- Buckner, J.C. (2008). Understanding the impact of homelessness on children: Challenges and future research directions. American Behavioral Scientist, 51(6), 721-736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207311984
- Calgary Homeless Foundation, (2018). Our living legacy. https://www.calgaryhomeless.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Living-Legacy-Technical-Report-2018-11-28.pdf
- Carlson, E. (2017) Anti-colonial methodologies and practices for settler colonial studies, Settler Colonial Studies, 7:4, 496-517. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2016.1241213
- Centre for Equality Rights in Accommodation. (2021). Housing discrimination & spatial segregation in Canada.
- Chambers, W.L. (2022). Young adults experiencing homelessness and domestic violence: the Use of service prioritization decision assistance tool (SPDAT) data to understand crisis intervention needs. Kent State University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
- City of Calgary, (2016). Foundations for home Calgary’s corporate affordable housing strategy 2016 – 2025.
- City of Calgary, (2021). What we heard: Community engagement and research report Understanding the affordable housing needs of Indigenous Calgarians: By Indigenous people for Indigenous people. Prepared for the City of Calgary Affordable Housing Strategy.
- Clement, D. (2013). Alberta’s rights revolution. British Journal of Canadian Studies, 26, (1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.3828/bjcs.2013.4
- Cullen, P., Mackean, T., Walker, N., Coombes, J., Bennett-Brook, K., Clapham, K., Ivers, R., Hackett, M., Worner, F., Longbottom, M. (2022). Integrating trauma and violence informed care in primary health care settings for First Nations women experiencing Violence: A Systematic review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 23(4), 1204–1219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020985571
- Distasio, J., Zell, S., & Snyder, M. (2018). At Home in Winnipeg: Localizing Housing First as a Culturally Responsive Approach to Understanding and Addressing Urban Indigenous Homelessness. Institute of Urban Studies.
- Dunbar, R. B. (2008). Finding their way: A critical ethnography of five of African American women educators’ early experiences to develop into culturally relevant pedagogues. Georgia State University.
- Farmer, P. E., Nizeye, B., Stulac, S., & Keshavjee, S. (2006). Structural violence and clinical medicine. PloS medicine, 3(10), e449. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449
- Ficklin, E., Tehee, M., Killgore, R. M., Isaacs, D., Mack, S., & Ellington, T. (2022) Fighting for our sisters: Community advocacy and action for missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. Journal of Social Issues, 78, 53– 78. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12478
- Government of Canada. (2018). Canada’s national housing strategy. Government of Canada.
- Grbich, C. (2007). Qualitative data analysis: an introduction. Sage Publications.
- Hansen, J. G., & Dim, E. E. (2019). Canada’s missing and murdered Indigenous people and the imperative for a more inclusive perspective. International Indigenous Policy Journal, 10(1) https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2019.10.1.2
- Juutilainen, S. A., Miller, R., Heikkilä, L., Rautio, A. (2014). Structural racism and Indigenous health: What Indigenous perspectives of residential school and boarding school tell us? A case study of Canada and Finland. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.18584/iipj.2014.5.3.3
- Kempf, A. (2009). Contemporary anticolonialism: A transhistorical perspective. In: Kempf, A. (eds) Breaching the Colonial Contract. Explorations of Educational Purpose, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9944-1_2
- Kothari, A., McCutcheon, C., & Graham, I. D. (2017). Defining integrated knowledge translation and moving forward: A Response to recent commentaries. International Journal of Health Policy & Management, 6(5), 299-300. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.15
- Kulchyski, P. (n.d.) Aboriginal rights are not human rights. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter-Kulchyski/publication/298438969_Aboriginal_Rights_are_not_Human_Rights/links/56f1a91608ae1cb29a3d170f/Aboriginal-Rights-are-not-Human-Rights.pdf
- Madison, D. S. (2011). Critical ethnography: Method, ethics, and performance. Sage Publications.
- Martin, C.M. & Walia, H. (2019). Red women rising: Indigenous women survivors in Vancouver’s downtown east side. https://dewc.ca/content/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/MMIW-Report-Final-March-10-WEB.pdf
- Narine, S. (2013). Racism, mistrust keep aboriginal people from health care. Windspeaker, 30(11). http://www.ammsa.com/publications/windspeaker/racism-mistrust-keep-aboriginal-people-health-care
- National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health. (2013). An overview of aboriginal health in Canada.
- National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. (2019). Reclaiming power and place: The Final report of the National Inquiry Into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.
- Nikolakis, W, & Nelson, H. (2019). Trust, Institutions, and Indigenous self-governance: An exploratory study. Governance, 32: 331– 347. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12374
- Paradis, E., & Mosher, J. (2012). Take the story, take the needs and do something: Women’s priorities for community-based participatory research on action. Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. Report #9. http://homelesshub.ca
- Rodrigues, C., Henderson, R., Lucas, K., Bristowe, S., Ramage, K., Milaney, K. (2020). Developing Gendered and Culturally Safe Interventions for Urban Indigenous Families Experiencing Homelessness. Toronto: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press.
- Roxburgh, S., & Sinclair, M. (2024). Colonial constructions: Systemic racism in child welfare practice. Journal of Social Work, 24(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680173231197988
- Ruttan, L., LaBoucane-Benson, P., & Munro, B. (2010). Home and native land: Aboriginal women and homelessness in the city. First Peoples Child and Family Review, 5(1) 66-76. https://doi.org/10.7202/1069063ar
- Salazar, A. & Crowe-Salazar, N. (2020). Connecting myself to indian residential schools and the sixties scoop. First Peoples Child & Family Review, 15(1), 5–11. https://doi.org/10.7202/1068359ar
- Smallwood, R., Woods, C., Power, T., & Usher, K. (2021). Understanding the impact of historical trauma due to colonization on the health and well-being of Indigenous young peoples: A systematic scoping review. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 32(1):59-68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043659620935955
- Thurston, W.E., Oelke, N., Turner, D., & Bird, C. (2013). Improving housing outcomes for Aboriginal people in Western Canada: National, regional, community and individual perspectives on changing the future of homelessness. Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary.
- Trocmé, N., Knoke, D., & Blackstock, C. (2004). Pathways to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in Canada’s child welfare system. Social Service Review, 78(4), 577- 600. https://doi.org/10.1086/424545
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). What we have learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation.
- United Nations. (2007). United Nations declaration on the rights of Indigenous Peoples.
- Wallerstein, N., & Duran, B. (2010). Community-based participatory research contributions to intervention research: the intersection of science and practice to improve health equity. Am J Public Health, 100 (Suppl 1), S40-46. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.184036
- Webster, P.C. (2015). Housing triggers health problems for Canada's First Nations. The Lancet, 385 (9967), 495-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60187-8
10.7202/1069063ar