Résumés
Abstract
On the one hand, technological advances and their enthusiastic uptake by government entities are seen as a push toward a Canadian dystopic state, with friendly bureaucrats being replaced by impassive machines. On the other hand, embracing technology is considered a confident move of the Canadian administrative state toward an utopian low-cost, high-impact decision making process. I will suggest in this paper that the truth—for the moment, at least—lies somewhere between the extremes of dystopia and utopia. In the federal public administration, technology is being deployed in a variety of areas, but rarely, if ever, displacing human decision making. Indeed, technology tends to be leveraged in areas of public policy that don’t involve any settling of benefits, statuses, licenses, and so on. We are still a long way from sophisticated machine learning tools deciding whether marriages are genuine, whether taxpayers are compliant or whether nuclear facilities are safe. The reality is more down to earth. In this paper, I map out the uses of algorithms and machine learning in the federal public administration in Canada. I will briefly explain my methodology in Part I; in Part II, I identify seven different use cases, which I describe with the aid of representative examples, and offer some critical reflections.
Keywords:
- automated decision-making,
- public administration,
- artificial intelligence,
- machine learning
Résumé
D’un côté, les progrès technologiques et leur adoption enthousiaste par les entités gouvernementales poussent les Canadiens vers un état dystopique, avec des fonctionnaires sympathiques remplacés par des machines. De l’autre, l’adoption de la technologie permet à l’État administratif canadien de se lancer avec confiance dans une utopie où la prise de décisions est exécutée à coût modique et engendre un fort impact. Je suggérerai dans cet article que la vérité actuelle se situe quelque part entre les extrêmes de la dystopie et de l’utopie. Dans l’administration publique fédérale, la technologie est déployée dans une variété de domaines, mais rarement, voire jamais, dans le but de remplacer la prise de décision humaine. En effet, la tendance est de s’appuyer sur la technologie pour améliorer les domaines de la politique publique sans pour autant décider des avantages, du statut, des licences, etc. Nous sommes loin jusqu’à présent d’outils d’apprentissage automatique sophistiqués qui passent au crible l’authenticité des mariages, les potentielles fraudes fiscales et la sûreté des installations nucléaires dangereuses. La réalité est plus terre à terre. Dans cet article, j’identifierai les utilisations des algorithmes et de l’apprentissage automatique dans l’administration publique fédérale au Canada. Dans la partie I, j’explique brièvement ma méthodologie et dans la partie II, j’identifie sept cas d’utilisation différents, que je décris à l’aide d’exemples représentatifs avant d’offrir quelques réflexions critiques.
Mots-clés :
- prise de décision automatisée,
- administration publique,
- intelligence artificielle,
- apprentissage automatique
Parties annexes
Bibliography
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