Résumés
Résumé
Au cours des deux dernières décennies, dans un effort visant à empêcher à tout prix les attentats terroristes, des stratégies, des acteurs et des pratiques axés sur la prévention de la « radicalisation » et de l’« extrémisme violent » ont émergé. Cette évolution s’inscrit dans une idéologie préventionniste, entendue comme un système de pensée qui ambitionne de détecter précocement l’engagement potentiel dans la violence, jusqu’à tenter d’agir sur les attitudes et les croyances postulées comme étant à leur origine.
Ce glissement vers la sphère précriminelle a permis l’élargissement de ce qui peut être désigné comme le « contreterrorisme » (CT), un phénomène social à part entière qui intègre désormais des approches allant du « soft power » au « hard power » et une multitude d’acteurs, publics et privés, dans une démarche « whole-of-society ». Le CT a des répercussions significatives en matière de sécurité juridique, conduit à la sécuritisation de secteurs comme l’éducation, le travail social, la santé ou l’intégration, et accentue la stigmatisation des communautés arabo-musulmanes. Plus subrepticement, il favorise une forme d’apathie collective, perçue comme le moyen le plus sûr d’échapper à la suspectification et au contrôle. Une apathie qui guette aussi la criminologie, appelée dès lors à maintenir une vigilance accrue sur les impacts du CT.
Mots-clés :
- Contreterrorisme,
- préventionnisme,
- hard power,
- soft power,
- whole-of-society,
- apathie
Abstract
As part of the effort to prevent terrorist attacks at all costs, the past two decades have seen the emergence of strategies, actors and practices focused on preventing “radicalization” and “violent extremism.” These developments are components of an ideology that can be described as preventionism. This ideology is understood to be a system of thought that aims to detect potential involvement in violence at an early stage, to the point of attempting to act on the attitudes and beliefs postulated as being at the origin of such violence.
This shift towards the pre-criminal sphere has led to a broadening of what can be termed “counterterrorism” (CT), a social phenomenon in its own right that now incorporates approaches ranging from “soft power” to “hard power,” as well as a multitude of public and private players in a “whole-of-society” approach. CT has significant repercussions regarding legal certainty, while also implying the securitization of sectors such as education, social work, health and integration, and exacerbating the stigmatization of Arab-Muslim communities. More surreptitiously, it encourages a form of collective apathy, viewed as the surest way to escape suspicion and control. This apathy also threatens criminology, which is therefore called upon to maintain heightened vigilance over the impacts of CT.
Keywords:
- Counterterrorism,
- preventionism,
- hard power,
- soft power,
- whole-of-society,
- apathy
Parties annexes
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