Résumés
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant attention paid to girls who are engaged in activism. When we look at who has been recognized for their activism, however, mainstream exposure to girl activists has primarily included teenagers and youth. Girls of the tweenhood age, for example, are also engaged in activism but their efforts go largely unnoticed or face patronization. Instead of being taken seriously, the activism of many tween girls is: (1) clouded by the constructed inherent innocence of childhood, (2) entangled with the construction of (white) tween girlhood as a time of frivolity and fun, and (3) marginalized due to the adult-centric nature of citizenship in Canada and the United States. As the very structures that would traditionally allow for adults to make their voices heard are not designed for the equitable participation of children, tween girls are required to participate in creative ways. This article, therefore, frames tween girls’ activism as citizenship and offers opportunities to both reconsider and validate these varied activist practices as legitimate democratic participation. Tween girls are already shaping their social, cultural, and political worlds, asserting that they belong and deserve to be seen, heard, and taken seriously. The lenses of societal and feminist responses need to be reoriented and refocused to see it.
Keywords:
- activism,
- case study,
- citizenship,
- innocence,
- social construction,
- tween girlhood
Résumé
Ces dernières années, les filles qui font du militantisme ont suscité beaucoup d’attention. Si l’on considère les personnes que l’on a reconnues pour leur militantisme, on s’aperçoit que les jeunes filles militantes sont surtout des adolescentes et des jeunes. Les préadolescentes, par exemple, participent elles aussi à des activités de militantisme, mais leurs efforts passent en grande partie inaperçus ou on les traite avec condescendance. Au lieu de le prendre au sérieux, le militantisme de beaucoup de préadolescentes est : (1) éclipsé par l’innocence inhérente à l’enfance, (2) intrinsèquement lié au fait que la préadolescence (blanche) est une période de frivolité et d’amusement, et (3) marginalisé étant donné que la citoyenneté au Canada et aux États-Unis est axée sur les adultes. Puisque les structures qui permettent traditionnellement aux adultes de se faire entendre sont loin d’être faites pour permettre une participation équitable des enfants, les préadolescentes doivent faire preuve d’imagination. Cet article présente donc le militantisme des préadolescentes en tant que citoyennes tout en donnant l’occasion de revoir et de valider ces diverses pratiques de militantisme pour en faire une participation légitime à la vie démocratique. Les préadolescentes façonnent déjà leur monde social, culturel et politique, en affirmant qu’elles appartiennent à la société et qu’elles méritent d’être vues, entendues et prises au sérieux. Les réponses sociétales et féministes doivent être réorientées et recentrées pour le voir.
Mots-clés :
- militantisme,
- étude de cas,
- citoyenneté,
- innocence,
- construction sociale,
- préadolescente
Veuillez télécharger l’article en PDF pour le lire.
Télécharger
Parties annexes
Biographical note
Alexe Bernier (she/her) is a PhD Candidate in the School of Social Work at McMaster University. Inspired by her many years of social work practice experience with girls in a community setting, her qualitative and arts-based doctoral research explores the experiences of young girls who are engage in activism, ultimately aiming to better understand how they assert themselves as citizens.
Bibliography
- Bernstein, Robin. 2011. Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights. New York: New York University Press.
- Blackburn, Carole. 2009. “Differentiating Indigenous Citizenship: Seeking Multiplicity in Rights, Identity, and Sovereignty in Canada.” American Ethnologist 36 (1): 66-68. doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.01103.x
- Cohen, Elizabeth F. 2005. “Neither Seen Nor Heard: Children’s Citizenship in Contemporary Democracies.” Citizenship Studies 9 (2): 221-240. doi.org/10.1080/13621020500069687
- Cook, Daniel Thomas, and Susan B. Kaiser. 2004. “Betwixt and be Tween: Age Ambiguity and the Sexualization of the Female Consuming Subject.” Journal of Consumer Culture 4 (2): 203-227. doi.org/10.1177/1469540504043682
- Coulter, Natalie. 2014. Tweening the Girl: The Crystallization of the Tween Market. New York: Peter Lang AG.
- Coulter, Natalie. 2021. “‘Frappes, friends, and fun’: Affective Labor and the Cultural Industry of Girlhood.” Journal of Consumer Culture 21 (3): 487-500. doi.org/10.1177/1469540518806954
- Elections Canada. 2018. “Mapping the Legal Consciousness of First Nations Voters: Understanding Voting Rights Mobilization.” August 27. www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rec/part/APRC/vot_rights&document=p4&lang=e
- Garlen, Julie C. 2019. “Interrogating Innocence: ‘Childhood’ as Exclusionary Social Practice.” Childhood 26 (1):54–67. doi.org/10.1177/0907568218811484
- Harris, Anita. 2006. “Citizenship and the Self-Made Girl.” In The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in Gender & Education, edited by Madeleine Arnot and Martin Mac An Ghaill, 267-281. New York: Routledge.
- Honderich, M. 2021. Why Canada is Mourning the Deaths of Hundreds of Children. July 1. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57325653
- Isin, Engin F. 2008. “Theorizing Acts of Citizenship.” In Acts of Citizenship, edited by Engin F. Isin and Greg M. Nielson, 15-43. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Isin, Engin F. 2009. “Citizenship in Flux: The Figure of the Activist Citizen.” Subjectivity 29: 367-388. doi.org/10.1057/sub.2009.25
- Larkins, Cath. 2014. “Enacting Children’s Citizenship: Developing Understandings of How Children Enact Themselves as Citizens Through Actions and Acts of Citizenship.” Childhood 21 (1): 7-21. doi.org/10.1177/0907568213481815
- Lister, Ruth. 2007. “Why Citizenship: Where, When and How Children?” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 8 (2):693-718. doi.org/10.1177/0907568213481815
- Meyer, Anneke. 2007. “The Moral Rhetoric of Childhood.” Childhood 14 (1): 85-104. doi.org/10.1177/0907568207072532
- Mitchell, Claudia and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh. 2005. “Theorizing Tween Culture Within Girlhood Studies.” In Seven Going on Seventeen: Tween Studies in the Culture of Girlhood edited by Claudia Mitchell and Jacequline Reid-Walsh, 1-21. New York: Peter Lang AG.
- Moosa-Mitha, Mehmoona. 2005. “A Difference-Centered Alternative to Theorization of Children’s Citizenship Rights.” Citizenship Studies 9 (4): 369-388. doi.org/10.1080/13621020500211354
- Percy-Smith, Barry. 2015. “Negotiating Active Citizenship: Young People’s Participation in Everyday Spaces. In Politics, Citizenship and Rights: Geographies of Children and Young People by Kirsi Pauliina Kallio, Sarah Mills, and Tracey Skelton. London, UK: Springer. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/23226/
- Pimentel, Tamara. 2021. “Non-Indigenous Students in Calgary Pushing to Remove Langevin Name From School.” APTN News, April 4.
- Robinson, Kerry H. 2008. “In the Name of ‘Childhood Innocence:’ A Discursive Exploration of the Moral Panic Associated with Childhood and Sexuality.” Cultural Studies Review 14 (2): 113-129. doi.org/10.3316/ielapa.601354235410178
- Robinson, Kerry H. 2012. Innocence, Knowledge, and the Construction ofChildhood: The Contradictory Nature of Sexuality and Censorship in Children’s Contemporary Lives. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
- Roche, Jeremy. 1999. “Children: Rights, Participation and Citizenship.” Childhood 6 (4): 475-493. doi.org/10.1177/0907568299006004006
- Smith, Karen. 2011. “Producing Governable Subjects: Images of Childhood Old and New.” Childhood 19 (1): 24-37. doi.org/10.1177/0907568211401434
- Taefi, Nura. 2009. “The Synthesis of Age and gender: Intersectionality, International Human Rights Law and the Marginalization of the Girl Child.” International Journal of Children’s Rights 17: 345-376. doi.org/10.1163/157181809X458049
- Taft, Jessica K. 2011. Rebel Girls: Youth Activism and Social Change Across the Americas. New York: New York University Press.
- Taft, Jessica K. 2014. “The Political Lives of Girls.” Sociology Compass 8 (3): 259-267. doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12135
- Taft, Jessica K. 2020. “Hopeful, Harmless, and Heroic: Figuring the Girl Activist as Global Savior.” Girlhood Studies 13 (2): 1-17. doi.org/10.3167/ghs.2020.130203
- Tisdall, E. Kay M., and Patricio Cuevas-Parra. 2022. “Beyond the Familiar Challenges for Children and Young People’s Participation Rights: The Potential of Activism.” The International Journal of Human Rights 26 (5): 792–810. doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2021.1968377
- UNESCO. 2021. Youth. https://www.unesco.org/en/youth
- UNICEF. Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989. https://www.unicef.org/media/52626/file
- Wall, John. 2022. “From Childhood Studies to Childism: Reconstructing the Scholarly and Social Imaginations.” Children’s Geographies 20 (3): 257-270. doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2019.1668912
- Walton, Ellie. 2021. “The Queer Child Cracks: Queer Feminist Encounters with Materiality and Innocence in Childhood Studies.” Childhood 28 (3): 333-345. doi.org/10.1177/09075682211026948.