Résumés
Abstract
This paper explores the idea of ambivalent speciesism—speciesism that expresses itself both in hostile and benevolent attitudes and behaviours, while remaining, overall, disrespectful or inconsiderate towards members of certain species. It has long been acknowledged that phenomena such as racism and sexism are marked by ambivalence. The same is likely to be the case with respect to speciesism. This prospect has conceptual implications because making sense of positively valenced components of speciesism requires clarifying the connection between discrimination and prejudice. After raising this conceptual issue, this paper focuses on outlining possible patterns of ambivalent speciesism, distinguishing ambivalence from complex negativity and indicating benevolent speciesism’s potential to harm animals. Benevolent speciesism can come with some local benefits for some animals but eventually harms them by working as a facilitating factor for their subordination, underpinning negligence and entailing punishment when positive stereotypes are disappointed. While hostile speciesism rightly draws our attention, we should also look out for its positive forms which are likely to become more practically relevant as efforts for the recognition of animals’ moral considerability are underway.
Résumé
Cet article explore l’idée de spécisme ambivalent – un spécisme qui s’exprime à la fois dans des attitudes et des comportements hostiles et bienveillants, tout en restant, dans l’ensemble, irrespectueux ou inattentives envers les membres de certaines espèces. Il est reconnu depuis longtemps que des phénomènes tels que le racisme et le sexisme sont marqués par l’ambivalence. Il est probable qu’il en soit de même pour le spécisme. Cette perspective a des implications conceptuelles, car pour donner un sens aux composantes à valence positive du spécisme, il faut clarifier le lien entre la discrimination et les préjugés. En soulevant cette question conceptuelle, cet article se concentre sur la description des modèles possibles de spécisme ambivalent, en distinguant l’ambivalence de ce que j’appellerai la « négativité complexe » et en indiquant quels types de torts le spécisme bienveillant peut potentiellement causer aux animaux. Le spécisme bienveillant peut apporter certains avantages locaux à certains animaux, mais finit par leur nuire en facilitant leur subordination, en sous-tendant la négligence et en entraînant une punition lorsque les stéréotypes positifs sont déçus. Si le spécisme hostile attire à juste titre notre attention, nous devrions également nous intéresser à ses formes positives, qui sont susceptibles de devenir plus pertinentes sur le plan pratique à mesure que les efforts visant à reconnaître la considération morale des animaux sont en cours.
Parties annexes
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