Résumés
Abstract
Chinese residents have grown to be one of the most prosperous migrant groups in Italy since their mass migration from China in the 1980s. Alongside their rapid upward economic mobility, parents and children within the same families have shown generational differences in their understandings of the good life. While older generations believed that the good life means economic mobility, which is achieved through their labour and migration, younger generations’ definition of the good life, rooted in their negative experiences of racialization, is associated with social recognition. Such generational differences stem from the shifting tensions between the contested racial and national orders in association with Italy’s economic stagnation and China’s global ascendancy. Yet, both generations of these desiring subjects have manifested their own conceptions of cosmopolitan Chinese-ness to survive precarity and to aspire to a better life both economically and socially. Their family stories thus contribute to anthropological debates on how people envision their futures between hope and precarity, expectation and uncertainty, and privilege and disadvantages amid racialized class terrains, generational tensions, and geopolitical transformation of the world order.
Keywords:
- migration,
- racialization,
- hope,
- cosmopolitanism,
- Chinese diaspora,
- Italy
Résumé
Les résidents chinois sont devenus l’un des groupes de migrants les plus prospères d’Italie depuis leur migration massive de Chine dans les années 1980. Les parents et les enfants d’une même famille ont montré des différences générationnelles dans leur compréhension de ce qu’est une vie agréable, parallèlement à leur rapide ascension économique. Alors que les générations plus anciennes pensaient qu’une vie agréable était synonyme de mobilité économique, obtenue grâce à leur travail et à la migration, la définition d’une vie agréable chez les jeunes générations, enracinée dans leurs expériences négatives de racialisation, est associée à la reconnaissance sociale. Ces différences générationnelles résultent des tensions changeantes entre les différentes races et systèmes nationaux contestés, associées à la stagnation économique de l’Italie et à l’ascension mondiale de la Chine. Pourtant, les deux générations de ces sujets aspirants ont manifesté leurs propres conceptions du cosmopolitisme chinois pour survivre à la précarité et aspirer à une vie meilleure, tant sur le plan économique que social. Leurs histoires familiales contribuent ainsi aux débats anthropologiques consacrés à la manière dont les gens envisagent leur avenir entre espoir et précarité, attente et incertitude, et privilèges et désavantages dans un contexte de classes racialisées, de tensions générationnelles et de transformation géopolitique de l’ordre mondial.
Mots-clés :
- migration,
- racialisation,
- espoir,
- cosmopolitisme,
- diaspora chinoise,
- Italie
Parties annexes
Bibliography
- Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1990. “Can There Be a Feminist Ethnography?” Women and Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 5(1): 7–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/07407709008571138
- Anderson, Ben. 2006. “Becoming and Being Hopeful: Towards a Theory of Affect.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24: 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1068/d393t
- Appadurai, Arjun. 2013. The Future as Cultural Fact: Essays on the Global Condition. London, New York: Verso.
- Biehl, João, and Peter Locke. 2017. “Foreword: Unfinished.” In Unfinished: The Anthropology of Becoming, edited by João Biehl and Peter Locke, ix-xiii. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
- Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987 [1979]. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by John G. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood Press.
- Chou, Rosalind S., and Joe R. Feagin. 2015. Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism. London: Routledge.
- Cole, Jeffrey. 1997. The New Racism in Europe: A Sicilian Ethnography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Crapanzano, Vincent. 2003. “Reflections on Hope as a Category of Social and Psychological Analysis.” Cultural Anthropology 18 (1): 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2003.18.1.3
- Deng, Grazia T. 2022. “A Chinese Woman’s Journey to the “West”: Ethnographic Knowledge Production amid Ambiguous Power Dynamics.” Ethnography. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381221110047
- Deng, Grazia T. 2023. “I Cinesi Among Others: The Contested Racial Perceptions among Chinese Migrants in Italy.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2199133
- Rofel, Lisa, and Sylvia J. Yanagisako. 2018. Fabricating Transnational Capitalism: A Collaborative Ethnography of Italian-Chinese Global Fashion. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
- Krause, Elizabeth L. 2018. Tight Knit: Global Families and the Social Life of Fast Fashion. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
- Kuan, Teresa. 2015. Love’s Uncertainty: The Politics and Ethics of Child Rearing in Contemporary China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Lee, Stacey J. 2015. Unraveling the “Model Minority” Stereotype: Listening to Asian American Youth. New York and London: Teachers College Press.
- Ministero del Lavoro e delle Politiche Sociali. 2021. “La comunità cinese in Italia: Rapporto annuale sulla presenza dei migranti” [“The Chinese Community in Italy: Annual Report on the migrants’ presence”] https://www.lavoro.gov.it/documenti-e-norme/studi-e-statistiche/Documents/Rapporti%20annuali%20sulle%20comunit%C3%A0%20migranti%20in%20Italia%20-%20anno%202021/Cina-rapporto-2021.pdf (accessed 16 March 2023).
- Miyazaki, Hirokazu. 2006. “Economy of Dreams: Hope in Global Capitalism and Its Critique.” Cultural Anthropology 21 (2): 147–172. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3651601
- Moore, Henrietta L. 2011. Still Life: Hopes, Desires and Satisfactions. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books.
- Morning, Ann, and Marcello Maneri. 2022. An Ugly Word: Rethinking Race in Italy and the United States. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Nyíri, Pál. 2014. “Training for Transnationalism: Chinese Children in Hungary.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 37(7): 1253–1263. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2014.878029
- Ong, Aihwa. 1996. “Traveling Tales and Traveling Theories in Postcolonial Feminism.” In Women Writing Culture, edited by Ruth Behar and Deborah A. Gordon, 350–372. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Ong, Aihwa. 1999. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
- Ong, Aihwa. 2003. Buddha is Hiding: Refugees, Citizenship, the New America. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.
- Osburg, John. 2013. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality among China’s New Rich. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Parla, Ayse. 2018. Precarious Hope: Migration and the Limits of Belonging in Turkey. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
- Pedersen, Morten Axel. 2012. “A Day in the Cadillac: The Work of Hope in Urban Mongolia.” Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology 56 (2): 136–151. https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2012.560210
- Rosaldo, Renato. 1989. Culture and Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
- Schneider, Jane, and Peter Schneider. 1994. “Mafia, Antimafia, and the Question of Sicilian Culture.” Politics and Society 22 (2): 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329294022002007
- Tomba, L. 1999. “Exporting the ‘Wenzhou Model’ to Beijing and Florence: Suggestions for a Comparative Perspective on Labor and Economic Organization in Two Migrant Communities.” In Internal and International Migration: Chinese Perspectives, edited by Frank N. Pieke and Hein Mallee, 280–294. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
- Torruella, Irene Masdeu. 2020. “Migrants’ Descendants and New Mobilities between China and Spain.” International Migration 58 (3): 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12619
- Zhang, Li. 2001. Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China’s Floating Population. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Zhou, Min. 2012. Contemporary Chinese America: Immigration, Ethnicity, and Community Transformation. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
- Zigon, Jarrett. 2009. “Hope Dies Last : Two Aspects of Hope in Contemporary Moscow.” Anthropological Theory 9 (3) : 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499609346986