Résumés
Abstract
In response to widescale job losses produced by the COVID‑19 pandemic, states have drastically expanded social protections, primarily through cash transfer programs. Drawing from James Ferguson’s notion of distributional politics, this reflection analyzes the meaning of this rapid global expansion of the welfare state and the political opportunities it provides. Based on two seemingly disparate cases, South Africa and Canada, I suggest that these expansions provide valuable opportunities for rethinking existing approaches to livelihoods, labour and social protection. These interventions also provide political possibilities through which a more radically redistributive politics can be articulated. In both contexts, state responses have provoked new challenges, dialogues, and experiments in distribution at multiple scales, from the neighbourhood to the nation state. This reflection calls for deeper inquiry into the multiple meanings of cash transfers and the political openings they provide. Finally, it provides guiding questions for future anthropological inquiry into livelihoods and social protection.
Keywords:
- COVID-19,
- politics,
- distribution,
- labour,
- social protection,
- livelihoods,
- Canada,
- South Africa,
- cash transfers
Résumé
Face aux pertes d’emplois massives provoquées par la pandémie de COVID-19, les États ont considérablement étendu la protection sociale, principalement au moyen de programmes de transferts monétaires. S’inspirant de la notion de politique de distribution proposée par James Ferguson, cette réflexion analyse la signification de l’expansion rapide de l’État-providence à l’échelle mondiale. À partir de deux cas en apparence distincts, l’Afrique du Sud et le Canada, je suggère que cette expansion offre de précieuses opportunités pour repenser les approches des modes de subsistance, du travail et de la protection sociale. Ces interventions étatiques ouvrent également des perspectives qui permettent de mettre en avant des politiques plus radicalement redistributives. Dans les deux contextes, les réponses de l’État ont engendré de nouveaux défis et ont donné lieu à des dialogues et des expériences de distribution à de multiples échelles, allant du quartier à l’État-nation. Cette réflexion appelle à un examen plus approfondi des significations multiples des transferts monétaires et des perspectives politiques ouvertes par ceux-ci. Enfin, elle pose des questions visant à guider les futures études anthropologiques sur les modes de subsistance et la protection sociale.
Mots-clés :
- COVID-19,
- politique,
- distribution,
- travail,
- protection sociale,
- modes de subsistance,
- Canada,
- Afrique du Sud,
- transferts monétaires
Parties annexes
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