Abstracts
Abstract
This article explores patterns of neologism formation in the field of Arabic scientific terminology during the 19th century by examining the translation of Pierre Joseph Macquer’s Art de la Teinture en Soie (1763), published in Arabic as Kitāb fī Ṣināʿat Ṣibāġat al-Ḥarīr in 1823. The first sections of the article summarize the historical, political, and industrial context in which this translation emerged in order to contextualize the work carried out by the translator of Macquer’s treaty, Don Raphaël de Monachis, within the broader framework of the nahḍa [Arab Renaissance]. This was a period a marked by intense translation activity, particularly from French into Arabic, as part of the Egyptian ruler Muḥammad ʿAlī Bāšā’s modernization reforms. The last section of the article offers a detailed linguistic analysis of the terminological strategies adopted by de Monachis. Drawing on a comparison of the French terms included in Art de la Teinture en Soie and the Arabic equivalents, the article identifies multiple translation techniques, including derivation [ištiqāq], Arabization [taʿrīb], semantic calques, literal translations, hybrid compounds, and the use of vernacular expressions. It highlights specific cases such as the use of
(qābil li-, “capable of”) to render adjectives like miscible or extractive, and نزع (nazʿ, “removal”) to express French prefixes such as dé- and dis- in terms like dégommage and disbroder. Finally, the article argues that Don Raphaël de Monachis should be considered one of the first modern Arabic terminographers. His translation of Macquer’s work laid important groundwork for the terminological efforts that would characterize the broader nahḍa movement. His role as a translator extended beyond linguistic transfer: he was a linguistic innovator and mediator between epistemological systems.
Keywords:
- terminography,
- neologism,
- French to Arabic translation,
- specialized translation,
- translation in 19th-century Egypt
Résumé
Cet article examine les schémas de formation des néologismes dans le domaine de la terminologie scientifique arabe au XIXe siècle à travers la traduction de l’Art de la Teinture en Soie (1763) de Pierre Joseph Macquer, publiée en arabe sous le titre Kitāb fī Ṣināʿat Ṣibāġat al-Ḥarīr en 1823. La première partie de l’article reconstitue le contexte historique, politique et industriel dans lequel cette traduction a vu le jour. Elle présente le travail accompli par le traducteur du traité de Macquer, Don Raphaël de Monachis, dans le cadre plus large de la nahḍa [Renaissance arabe], une période marquée par une activité intense de traduction, en particulier du français vers l’arabe, dans le contexte des réformes de modernisation entreprises par Muḥammad ʿAlī Bāšā. La seconde partie de l’article propose une analyse linguistique approfondie des stratégies terminologiques adoptées par de Monachis. En comparant les termes français présents dans l’Art de la Teinture en Soie et leurs équivalents arabes, l’article identifie plusieurs techniques de traduction, notamment la dérivation [ištiqāq], l’arabisation [taʿrīb], les calques sémantiques, les traductions littérales, les composés hybrides, ainsi que l’usage d’expressions vernaculaires. Des cas spécifiques sont mis en évidence, tels que l’utilisation de
(qābil li-, « capable de ») pour traduire des adjectifs comme miscible ou extractive, et نزع (nazʿ, « retrait ») pour rendre les préfixes français dé- et dis- dans des termes tels que dégommage et disbroder. Enfin, l’article soutient que Don Raphaël de Monachis doit être considéré comme l’un des tout premiers terminographes modernes en langue arabe. Sa traduction de l’oeuvre de Macquer a jeté les bases des efforts terminologiques qui allaient caractériser le mouvement plus large de la nahḍa. Son rôle de traducteur allait bien au-delà du simple transfert linguistique : il fut un innovateur lexical et un médiateur entre systèmes épistémologiques.
Mots-clés :
- terminographie,
- néologisme,
- traduction du français vers l’arabe,
- traduction spécialisée,
- traduction en Égypte au XIXe siècle
Appendices
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