Abstracts
Abstract
A Russian animated film director Andrei Khrzhanovsky (b. 1939) has made a highly successful cinematic career spanning more than fifty years (his animation discussed in the monographs and articles of Maureen Furness, Laura Pontieri, Maya Balakirsky Katz, Sergei Kapkov, among others). Khrzhanovsky works in different cel animation techniques (drawn and cut-out animation) and is famous for the adaptation of classic prose and poetry through found images – the authors’ correspondence, diaries and drawings (The Pushkin Cycle, 1975–1987; A Cat and a Half, 2002). Frequently, the found images take the form of visual quotations from European art. In the animated films Glass Harmonica (1968), A Grey-Bearded Lion (1995, an adaptation of Tonino Guerra’s tale) and Long Journey (1997), Khrzhanovsky uses images of Italian art to shape atmospheric effects, which position an artist as “not belonging”. In Glass Harmonica appropriated images of Renaissance and surrealist art help to elaborate on the artist’s political nonconformism: “belonging” refers to the dominant narratives of state-sponsored ideology while “not belonging” (Mikhail Bakhtin’s position outside; Alexei Yurchak’s living ‘vnye’) – to different alternative truths of an outsider.
In A Grey-Bearded Lion Khrzhanovsky adapts Tonino Guerra’s tale about an Italian circus, and in Long Journey repurposes auteur cinema images and drawings (Federico Fellini) to comment on other issues of the artistic journey and freedom. While erasing the significance of the political context in a more existential sense, Khrzhanovsky continues to use atmospheric effects to portray an artist as an outsider. This essay delves into different manipulations of the mise-en-scène and the movement, which influence the characters’ and the viewer’s “atmospheric feelings”. Focusing on four criteria from Hermann Schmitz’s “felt-bodily alphabet”, two associated with spaces (filled or empty, condensed or non-condensed) and the other two – with types of movement (centripetal or centrifugal; quite or excited), I will look at the dynamics of atmospheric effects in Khrzhanovsky’s animation that positions an artist as not belonging.
Keywords:
- atmospheric perception,
- auteur animation,
- animated film poetics,
- adaptation,
- intertextuality,
- Khrzhanovsky
Résumé
Le réalisateur russe de films d’animation Andrei Khrzhanovsky (né en 1939) a connu une carrière cinématographique très réussie pendant plus de cinquante ans (son animation a été évoquée dans les monographies et articles de Maureen Furness, Laura Pontieri, Maya Balakirsky Katz, Sergei Kapkov, entre autres). Khrzhanovsky utilise différentes techniques d’animation cellulosique (animation dessinée et découpée) et est célèbre pour l’adaptation de prose et de poésie classiques à travers des images trouvées – la correspondance, les journaux et les dessins des auteurs (Le Cycle Pouchkine, 1975—1987 ; Un chat et demi, 2002). Les images trouvées prennent souvent la forme de citations visuelles de l’art européen. Dans les films d’animation L’Harmonica de verre (1968), Un lion à barbe grise (1995, une adaptation du conte de Tonino Guerra) et Un long voyage (1997), Khrzhanovsky utilise des images de l’art italien pour créer des effets atmosphériques, qui positionnent un artiste comme « not belonging » (un étranger). Dans L’Harmonica de verre, des images de la Renaissance et de l’art surréaliste s’approprient l’anticonformisme politique de l’artiste : « belonging » renvoie aux récits dominants de l’idéologie parrainée par l’État, tandis que « not belonging » renvoie à différentes vérités alternatives d’un étranger. Dans Un lion à barbe grise, Khrzhanovsky adapte le conte de Tonino Guerra sur un cirque italien, et dans Un long voyage, il réutilise des images et des dessins du cinéma d’auteur (Federico Fellini) pour commenter d'autres questions du voyage artistique et de la liberté. Tout en effaçant l’importance du contexte politique à prendre dans son sens existentiel, Khrzhanovsky continue d’utiliser des effets atmosphériques pour dépeindre un artiste comme un étranger. Cet essai se penche sur différentes manipulations de la mise en scène et du mouvement, qui influencent les « sentiments atmosphériques » des personnages et du spectateur. En me concentrant sur quatre critères de « l’alphabet corporel ressenti » d’Hermann Schmitz, deux associés aux espaces (remplis ou vides, condensés ou non condensés) et les deux autres aux types de mouvement (centripète ou centrifuge ; calme ou excité), je m’intéresserai à la dynamique des effets atmosphériques dans l’animation de Khrzhanovsky qui positionne l’artiste comme non-appartenant.
Mots-clés :
- perception atmosphérique,
- animation d’auteur,
- poétique du film d’animation,
- adaptation,
- intertextualité,
- Khrzhanovsky
Appendices
Bibliography
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