Abstracts
Résumé
En prenant pour objet d’études les expériences vécues de racisme et les politiques conçues pour y remédier, cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche menée auprès d’étudiants de troisième cycle, inscrits dans une université d’élite au Royaume-Uni et aux États-Unis. Mobilisant les concepts de réalisme racial, convergence des intérêts, blanchité et « blanchité comme propriété », nous analysons la manière dont le racisme continue à être perçu comme un aspect « normal » de la vie des campus de l’élite. Alors que ces universités se présentent comme des institutions par essence méritocratiques, nous montrons en quoi cette vision repose sur la valorisation de formes de capital principalement détenu par les étudiants aisés et blancs. Les ruses de la raison méritocratique donnent ainsi à voir des incarnations privilégiées du capital blanc, dont nous analysons la reproduction comme un facteur essentiel de légitimation du racisme dans les universités de l’élite.
Mots-clés :
- capital blanc,
- blanchité,
- critical race theory (CRT, théorie critique du racisme),
- universités d’élite,
- EDI (équité, diversité et inclusion)
Abstract
This paper reports research conducted with postgraduate students at elite universities and focuses on their experiences of racism and policies designed to redress racism. We draw upon concepts from Critical Race Theory including ‘racial realism’, ‘interest convergence’, Whiteness and ‘Whiteness as property’ to argue racism is framed as a normal aspect of elite university practice. The research identified that equality and diversity initiatives (EDI), were readily absorbed into existing racist practice and discourse. Whilst the message of EDI measures was one of addressing inequality, in practice participants in our research identified this message often translated into discourse suggesting students of color were privileged at the expense of White students. We argue that elite universities portray themselves as meritocratic institutions to legitimize their status; but that their discourse of meritocracy privileges forms of capital predominantly possessed by affluent, White groups. We argue that such discourse undermines EDI measures and is an example of White capital reproducing and legitimizing racism.
Keywords:
- White capital,
- whiteness,
- critical race theory (CRT),
- elite universities,
- EDI
Resumen
A partir del estudio de situaciones de racismo vividas y de las políticas diseñadas para abordarlas, el presente artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación realizada con estudiantes de posgrado inscriptos en universidades de élite del Reino Unido y los EE. UU. Utilizamos los conceptos de realismo racial, convergencia de intereses, blancura y “blancura como propiedad” para analizar cómo el racismo aún se percibe como un aspecto “normal” de la vida universitaria de élite. Aunque estas universidades se presentan como instituciones meritocráticas por naturaleza, ilustramos cómo esta visión se basa en el aprovechamiento de formas de capital propias, en su mayoría, de los estudiantes blancos y ricos. Los artificios del razonamiento meritocrático revelan así encarnaciones privilegiadas del capital blanco, cuya reproducción analizamos como factor esencial de legitimación del racismo en las universidades de élite.
Palabras clave:
- capital blanco,
- blancura,
- critical race theory (CRT, teoría crítica de la raza),
- universidades de élite,
- EDI (equidad, diversidad e inclusión)
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Apple, M. (1998). Foreword. Dans J. Kincheloe, S. Steinberg, N. Rodriguez et R. Chennault (dir.), White Reign. St Martin’s Griffin, p. ix-xiii.
- BBC News (2002, 30 septembre). Private schools claim university bias. BBC News World Edition. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/2288265.stm
- Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518-533.
- Bhopal, K. (2018). White Privilege : The Myth of a Post-Racial Society. Policy Press.
- Bhopal, K. (2022). Academics of colour in elite universities in the UK and the USA : the ‘unspoken system of exclusion’. Studies in Higher Education, 47(11), 2127-2137.
- Bhopal, K. et Myers, M. (2008). Insiders, Outsiders and Others : Gypsies and Identity. UHP.
- Bhopal, K. et Myers, M. (2023). Elite Universities and the Making of Privilege : Exploring Race and Class in Global Educational Economies. Taylor & Francis.
- Bhopal, K., Myers, M. et Pitkin, C. (2020). Routes through higher education : BME students and the development of a ‘specialisation of consciousness’. British Educational Research Journal, 46(6), 1321-1337.
- Boliver, V. (2013). How fair is access to more prestigious UK universities ?. The British Journal of Sociology, 64(2), 344-364.
- Bonilla Silva, E. (2006). Racism Without Racists : Colour-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- Bourdieu, P. (1986). The Forms of Capital. Dans J. Richardson (dir.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (p. 241-258). Greenwood.
- Bourdieu, P. (1998). The State Nobility : Elite Schools in the Field of Power. Stanford University Press.
- Bourdieu, P. et Waquant, L. (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. University of Chicago Press.
- Braun, V. et Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
- Cabrera, N. (2014). Exposing Whiteness in Higher Education : White Male College Students Minimising Racism, Claiming Victimization and Recreating White Supremacy. Race Ethnicity and Education, 17(1), 30-55.
- Carter, P. (2005). Keepin’ it Real : School Success Beyond Black and White. Oxford University Press.
- Chakrabarty, N., Roberts, L. et Preston, J. (dir.) (2014). Critical Race Theory in England. Routledge.
- Chetty, R., Deming, D. J. et Friedman, J. N. (2023). Diversifying Society’s Leaders ? The Causal Effects of Admission to Highly Selective Privatec Colleges (n° 31492). National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Delgado, R. et Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical Race Theory : An Introduction. New York University Press.
- Douglass, F. (1848, 27 octobre). The Hutchinson Family. Hunkerism. The North Star. https://lccn.loc.gov/sn84026365
- Dyer, R. (1997). White. Routledge.
- The Economist (2005, 8 septembre). The Brains Business.
- Feagin, J. R. et Barnett, B. M. (2004). Success and Failure : How Systemic Racism Trumped the Brown v. Board of Education Decision. University of Illinois Law Review, (5), 1099-1130. https://illinoislawreview.org/print/volume-2004-issue-5/success-and-failure-how-systemic-racism-trumped-the-brown-v-board-of-education-decision/
- Frankenberg, R. (1993). White Women, Race Matters : The Social Construction of Race. University of Minnesota Press.
- Gillborn, D. (2005). Education as an Act of White Supremacy : Whiteness, Critical Race Theory and Education Reform. Journal of Education Policy, 20(4), 485-505.
- Gillborn, D. (2008). Racism and Education : Coincidence or Conspiracy ? Routledge.
- Giroux, H. (1997). Racial Politics and the Pedagogy of Whiteness. Dans M. Hill (dir.), Whiteness : A Critical Reader (p. 294-315). New York University Press.
- Hartigan Jr, J. (1997). Name Calling. Dans M. Wray et A. Newitz (dir.), White Trash : Race and Class in American (p. 41-56). Routledge.
- Hartocollis, A. (2020, 18 février). The Affirmative Action Battle at Harvard Is Not Over. New York Times. https:// www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/us/affirmative-action-harvard.html
- Hitchens, P. (2022, 5 novembre). The Oxbridge war on private schools doesn’t help the poor it punishes families who put education before houses and holidays, writes PETER HITCHENS. The Daily Mail. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-11394109/The-Oxbridge-war-private-schools-doesnt-help-poor-writes-PETER-HITCHENS.html
- Hooks, b. (1997). Representing Whiteness in the Black Imagination. Dans R. Frankenberg (dir.), Displacing Whiteness (p. 165-179). Duke University Press.
- Horvat, E. (2003). The Interactive Effects of Race and Class in Educational Research : Theoretical Insights from the work of Pierre Bourdieu. Penn GSE Perspectives on Urban Education, 2, 1-25.
- Hurtado, A. (1996). The Color of Privilege. University of Michigan Press.
- Ignatiev, N. (1995). How The Irish Became White. Routledge.
- Karabel, J. (2005). The chosen : The hidden history of admission and exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
- Kidder, L. (1997). Colonial Remnants : Assumptions of Privilege. Dans M. Fine, L. Weis, L. Powell et L. Wong (dir.), Off White, (p. 158-166). Routledge.
- Kincheloe, J. et Steinberg, S. (dir.) (1998). Addressing the Crisis of Whiteness : Reconfiguring White Identity in a Pedagogy of Whiteness. Dans N. Rodriguez et R. Chennault (dir.), White Reign (p. 3-29). St Martin’s Griffin.
- Ladson-Billings, G. et Tate, W. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47-68.
- Leonardo, Z. (2009). Race, Whiteness and Education. Routledge.
- Maguire, D. et Morris, D. (2018). Homeward Bound : Defining, understanding and aiding ‘commuter students’. Higher Education Policy Institute.
- McIntosh, P. (1992). White Privilege and Male Privilege : A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences Through Work in Women’s Studies. Dans M. Andersen et P. Collins (dir.), Race, Class and Gender : An Anthology (p. 70-81). Wadsworth Publishing.
- McKinney, K. (2004). Being White : Stories of Race and Racism. Routledge.
- Myers, M. (2020). An Inheritance of Exclusion : Roma Education, Genetics and the Turn to Bio-social Solutions. Research in Education, 107(1), 55-71.
- Myers, M. (2022). Racism, Zero-Hours Contracts and Complicity in Higher Education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 43(4), 584-602. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2022.2042192
- Omni, M. et Winant, H. (1994). Racial Formation in the United States. Routledge.
- Preston, J. (2007). Whiteness and Class in Education. Spinger.
- Reay, D. (2018). Miseducation. Policy Press.
- Roediger, D. (1991). The Wages of Whiteness. Verso.
- Rosiek, J. (2019). School segregation : A realist’s view. Phi Delta Kappan, 100(5), 8-13.
- Sennett, R. et Cobb, J. (1972). The Hidden Injuries of Class. Cambridge University Press.
- Sleeter, C. (1996). White Silence, White Solidarity. Dans N. Ignatiev et J. Garvey (dir.), Race Traitor, (p. 257-265). Routledge.
- Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard, 600 U.S. 181 (2023).
- Tate, W. F. (1997). Critical Race Theory and Education : History, Theory, and Implications. Review of Research in Education, 22, 195-247. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1167376
- Torres, K. (2009). Culture shock : Black students account for their distinctiveness at an elite college. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 32(5), 883-905.
- Trounstine, J. (2020). The geography of inequality : How land use regulation produces segregation. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 443-455.
- Van Meter, K. (1990). Methodological and Design Issues : Techniques for Assessing the Representatives of Snowball Samples. NIDA Research Monograph, 98, 31-43.
- Warikoo, N. (2016). The Diversity Bargain: And Other Dilemmas of Race, Admissions, and Meritocracy at Elite Universities. University of Chicago Press.
- Warmington, P. (2014). Black British Intellectuals and Education : Multiculturalism’s Hidden History. Routledge.