Abstracts
Résumé
Au début des années 1990, le gouvernement chinois élaborait une série de programmes visant à réformer le processus de gestion de l’eau en milieu rural. Aujourd’hui, cette réforme s’appuie principalement sur la consolidation du système de tarification de l’eau dans le secteur agricole, ainsi que sur l’institutionnalisation d’un système de gestion local des eaux d’irrigation. Par cette réforme, l’État entend, d’une part, assurer le financement des agences d’irrigation et, d’autre part, inciter les usagers à adopter des pratiques plus responsables en favorisant le transfert de droits de gestion aux collectivités locales. L’objectif de cet article consiste alors à évaluer la performance de ces politiques en Chine. Il convient donc de déterminer dans quelle mesure et sous quelles conditions les arrangements institutionnels créés dans le cadre de la réforme des systèmes d’irrigation contribuent à résoudre les problèmes de pénurie d’eau en Chine du Nord. À cette fin, nous examinons d’abord, en fonction des coûts de transaction, l’intérêt du processus réformiste. Ensuite, nous mesurons l’impact de la réforme sur la base de critères d’efficacité et d’équité. Mais avant, nous décrivons plus en détail la nature même de cette réforme.
Mots clés:
- Chine,
- irrigation,
- réforme,
- tarification,
- décentralisation
Abstract
In the early 1990s, the Chinese government elaborated a series of programmes to implement water management reform in the agricultural sector. In essence, this reform involves strengthening the water pricing system and decentralizing irrigation management. Through this reform, the government attempts, on the one hand, to ensure the financing of irrigation agencies, and on the other hand, to persuade water users to adopt water savings practices. The objective of this article is to assess the institutional performances of irrigation management reforms in China. In other words, we aim at determining to what extent and under what circumstances this reform contributes to solving water scarcity problems in China. In order to do so, first, we review the content of irrigation management reforms in China. Second, we examine the reform’s relevance in terms of transaction costs. Lastly, we measure the reform’s impact based on efficiency and equity criteria.
Key words:
- China,
- irrigation,
- reform,
- water pricing,
- decentralization
Appendices
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