Abstracts
Résumé
En Amérique du Nord, les troubles des conduites alimentaires, qui incluent par exemple l’anorexie mentale, la boulimie et l’accès hyperphagique, toucheront environ une à cinq personnes sur cent à un moment de leur vie. Les troubles des conduites alimentaires ont de graves conséquences sur la santé physique et psychologique, en plus d’avoir des taux de rémission sous-optimaux. Aussi, l’étiologie des troubles alimentaires est loin d’être élucidée, ce qui nuit au développement d’interventions efficaces. En étudiant les mécanismes neurobiologiques des troubles des conduites alimentaires, par exemple, grâce à des méthodes de neuro-imagerie et d’épigénétique, il sera possible d’obtenir une idée plus claire de leurs origines développementales. Dans le futur, ces nouvelles connaissances pourraient contribuer au développement de stratégies de prévention plus adaptées, d’outils diagnostiques et d’approche de traitement mieux ciblé. Par exemple, le fait d’établir l’association entre la méthylation de l’ADN (l’une des marques épigénétiques) et les changements cérébraux observés dans les troubles des conduites alimentaires pourrait mener à des avancées cliniques importantes. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette revue narrative, réalisée à partir de la base de données Pubmed entre Mars et Octobre 2020, est de résumer l’état des connaissances sur les avancées neurobiologiques récentes dans les troubles des conduites alimentaires, principalement en termes d’épigénétique et de neuro-imagerie.
Mots-clés :
- troubles des conduites alimentaires,
- génétique,
- épigénétique,
- neuro-imagerie,
- marqueurs biologiques,
- développement
Abstract
In North America, eating disorders, which include, for example, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia and Binge Eating Disorders, will affect about one to five percent of people at some point in their lives. Eating disorders have great physical and psychological health consequences, and their remission rates are worrisome. The etiology of eating disorders is far from being elucidated, which hinders the development of effective interventions. By studying neurobiological mechanisms of eating disorders, using for example neuroimaging and epigenetic methods, it will be possible to obtain a clearer idea of their developmental origins. In the future, this new knowledge will be helpful to develop adapted prevention strategies, new diagnostic tools and targeted treatment strategies. For example, establishing the association between DNA methylation (an epigenetic modification) and brain changes observed in eating disorders could lead to important clinical advances. Thus, the objective of this narrative review, conducted from the Pubmed database between March and October 2020, is to summarize the state of knowledge on recent neurobiological advances in eating disorders, mainly in terms of epigenetics and neuroimaging.
Keywords:
- eating disorders,
- genetics,
- epigenetics,
- neuroimaging,
- biological markers,
- development
Appendices
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