Abstracts
Abstract
The rhythms of jazz standard melodies are inherently flexible prototypes that are brought to life by jazz musicians using a variety of expressive transformations. I argue that these transformations fall under two closely related categories. The first, expressive timing, involves displacements of onsets that are so small—usually in the order of milliseconds—that they do not constitute a change in metric-hierarchic position; they fall below the level of syntax. Conversely, thematic transformation often involves displacing notes to a different metric position.
In this paper, I contend that expressive timing and thematic transformation represent interrelated improvisational processes that are coordinated in performances of jazz standards. I connect these techniques to recent work on jazz ontology and referents, arguing that the ambiguous relationships between these transformational categories is the result of the ontological flexibility of jazz tune melodies. I ultimately argue that both techniques become involved in an ongoing give-and-take as the improvisational process unfolds.
Keywords:
- improvisation,
- jazz,
- microtiming,
- ontology,
- transformation
Résumé
Les rythmes des mélodies de standards de jazz constituent des prototypes intrinsèquement flexibles, que les musiciens de jazz animent par une variété de transformations expressives. Je soutiens que ces transformations relèvent de deux catégories étroitement liées. La première, le timing expressif , implique des déplacements d’attaques si minimes –généralement de l’ordre de quelques millisecondes – qu’ils ne constituent pas un changement de position dans la hiérarchie métrique ; ils demeurent en deçà du niveau syntaxique. À l’inverse, la transformation thématique implique souvent le déplacement de notes vers une autre position métrique.
Dans cet article, je défends l’idée que le timing expressif et la transformation thématique représentent des processus improvisatoires interdépendants, coordonnés dans l’interprétation des standards de jazz. Je relie ces techniques à des travaux récents concernant l’ontologie et les référents en jazz, soutenant que les relations ambiguës entre ces catégories transformationnelles résultent de la flexibilité ontologique propre aux mélodies de standards. J’avance, en définitive, que ces deux techniques s’inscrivent dans une dynamique continue de compromis réciproque au fur et à mesure du déploiement de l’improvisation.
Mots-clés :
- improvisation,
- jazz,
- microtiming,
- ontologie,
- transformation
Appendices
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