Abstracts
Abstract
The shift to telework has significantly transformed traditional work environments, introducing new dynamics in employee relationships and organizational structures. Telework is now mainstream, but it also presents new challenges for employee engagement. To address these challenges, effective management requires processes aimed at improving employees’ sense of engagement. This study compares the effects of three variables, organizational fairness, trust in/by managers, and trust in/by colleagues, on teleworkers’ psychological engagement in Canada and France. Based on a PLS-SEM analysis on two samples of 196 participants in France and 454 in Canada, findings show that organizational fairness is a key common antecedent of teleworkers' engagement in both countries. They also revealed strong cultural differences: trust in and by managers is crucial in Canada, while trust in and by colleagues is significant in France.
Keywords:
- engagement,
- telework,
- organizational fairness,
- trust,
- France,
- Canada
Résumé
La transition vers le télétravail a considérablement transformé les environnements de travail traditionnels, introduisant de nouvelles dynamiques dans les relations entre employés et les structures organisationnelles. Le télétravail est désormais courant, mais il pose également de nouveaux défis en matière d’engagement des salariés. Y faire face nécessite une gestion visant à améliorer le sentiment d'engagement. Cette étude compare les effets de trois variables : l'équité organisationnelle, la confiance de/envers les managers et la confiance de/envers les collègues, sur l'engagement psychologique des télétravailleurs au Canada et en France. Basée sur une analyse PLS-SEM de deux échantillons comprenant 196 participants en France et 454 au Canada, les résultats montrent que l'équité organisationnelle est un facteur commun clé de l'engagement des télétravailleurs dans les deux pays. Ils révèlent également de fortes différences culturelles : la confiance de la part de/envers les managers, est cruciale au Canada, tandis que la confiance de la part de/envers les collègues, l’est en France.
Appendices
References
- Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D. & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the evolving nature status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40-68.10.1177/1529100615593273 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bailey, D. E. & Kurland, N. B. (2002). A review of telework, paying close attention to the cultural, research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 383-400.10.1002/job.144 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Baker, E., Avery, G. C. & Crawford, J. (2006a). Home alone: The role of technology in telecommuting. Information Resources Management Journal, 19(4), 1-22.10.4018/irmj.2006100101 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Baker, P., Moon, N. W. & Ward, A. C. (2006b). Virtual exclusion and telework: Barriers and opportunities of technocentric workplace accommodation policy. Work, 27(4), 421-430.10.3233/WOR-2006-00589 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N. & Davis, S. J. (2021). Why working from home will stick (No. w28731). National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 28731. http://www.nber.org/papers/w28731 10.3386/w28731 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bollestad, V., Amland, J. S. & Olsen, E. (2022). The pros and cons of remote work in relation to bullying, loneliness and work engagement: A representative study among Norwegian workers during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1016368.10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1016368 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475-482.10.1177/0146167291175001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Brockner, J., Siegel, P. A., Daly, J. P., Tyler, T. & Martin, C. (1997). When trust matters: the moderating effect of outcome favorability. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 558–583. 10.2307/2393738 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Bruna, M. G., Chanlat, J. F. & Chauvet, M. (2018). Du portage d’une politique de diversité comme levier de changement au management de la diversité comme clé de la performance d’une organisation. Dans Chanlat JF. et Özbilgin M. (coordinateurs), Management et diversité : approches thématiques, Les presses de l’université Laval.10.2307/j.ctv1g2464g.6 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cachat‐Rosset, G., Carillo, K. & Klarsfeld, A. (2019). Reconstructing the concept of diversity climate–A critical review of its definition, dimensions, and operationalization. European Management Review, 16(4), 863-885. 10.1111/emre.12133 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Carillo, K. A., Cachat‐Rosset, G., Marsan J., Saba T. & Klarsfeld, A. (2021). Adjusting to epidemic-induced telework: Empirical Insights from Teleworkers in France. European Journal of Information Systems, 30(1), 69-88. 10.1080/0960085X.2020.1829512 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chanlat, J. F., Dameron, S., Dupuis, J. P., De Freitas, M. E. & Ozbilgin, M. (2013). Management et Diversité : lignes de tension et perspectives. Management international, 17, 5-13.
10.7202/1015807ar
Google Scholar
Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Choudhary, N. & Jain, S. (2024). A systematic literature review to explore the antecedents of employee engagement among remote workers. Journal of Work-Applied Management, (early view)10.1108/JWAM-11-2023-0136 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Chughtai, A. A. & Buckley, F. (2008). Work engagement and its relationship with state and trait trust: A conceptual analysis. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 10(1), 47–7110.21818/001c.17170 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cramton, C. D. (2001). The mutual knowledge problem and its consequences for dispersed collaboration. Organization Science, 12(3), 346-371.10.1287/orsc.12.3.346.10098 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed., Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cooper, C. D. & Kurland, N. B. (2002). Telecommuting, professional isolation, and employee development in public and private organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(4), 511-532.10.1002/job.145 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Costa, A. C., Roe, R. A. & Taillieu, T. (2001). Daya, P. (2014). Diversity and inclusion in an emerging market context. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33(3), 293-308.10.1108/EDI-10-2012-0087 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Cox Jr, T. (1991). The multicultural organization. Academy of Management Perspectives, 5(2), 34-47.10.5465/ame.1991.4274675 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Crozier, M. & Friedberg, E. (1991). Le pouvoir comme fondement de l’action organisée. In Tessier, R., Tellier, Y., Théories de L’Organisation. Personnes, Groupes, Systèmes et Environnement, Tome 3, p.133-155, Presses de l’Université de Québec.10.2307/j.ctv18phb1z.12 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dash, G. & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121092, 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Davis, R.,& Cates, S. (2013). The dark side of working in a virtual world: An investigation of the relationship between workplace isolation and engagement among teleworkers, Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 1(2), 9-13.10.4236/jhrss.2013.12002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Daya, P. (2014). Diversity and inclusion in an emerging market context. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 33(3), 293-308.10.1108/EDI-10-2012-0087 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- D'Iribarne, P. (1989). La logique de l'honneur, Seuil, coll. Sociologie, Paris.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Deng Z., Morissette R. & Messacar D. (2020). Faire tourner l’économie à distance : le potentiel du travail à domicile pendant et après la COVID-19. No 45280001 au catalogue de Statistique Canada. Ottawa : Statistique Canada. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/45-28-0001/2020001/article/00026-eng.pdf Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628.10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.611 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Downey, S. N., Van der Werff, L., Thomas, K. M. & Plaut, V. C. (2015). The role of diversity practices and inclusion in promoting trust and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45(1), 35-44.10.1111/jasp.12273 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Dwertmann, D. J., Nishii, L. H. & Van Knippenberg, D. (2016). Disentangling the fairness & discrimination and synergy perspectives on diversity climate: Moving the field forward. Journal of Management, 42(5), 1136-1168.10.1177/0149206316630380 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.10.2307/2666999 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Elsbach, K. D. & Cable, D. M. (2012). Why showing your face at work matters: Moral emotions and social identity as drivers of 'facetime'. Administrative Science Quarterly, 57(4), 627-668.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Erb, L. A. & Beatriz, M. (2024). Comment évolue la pratique du télétravail depuis la crise sanitaire ? Dares Analyses, n°64.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ferdman, B. M. et Deane, B. (2014). Diversity at work: The practice of inclusion. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1002/978111876428210.1002/9781118764282 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ficapal-Cusí, P., Torrent-Sellens, J., Palos-Sanchez, P. & González-González, I. (2024). The telework performance dilemma: exploring the role of trust, social isolation and fatigue. International Journal of Manpower, 45(1), 155-168.10.1108/IJM-08-2022-0363 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. 10.1177/002224378101800104 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Frost, T., Stimpson, D. V. & Maughan, M. R. C. (1978). Some correlates of trust. Journal of Psychology, 99, 103–108. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/some-correlates-trust/docview/1290516816/se-2?accountid=12008 10.1080/00223980.1978.9921447 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gajendran, R. S. & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524.10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Galanti, T., Guidetti, G., Mazzei, E., Zappalà, S. & Toscano, F. (2021). Work from home during the COVID-19 outbreak: The impact on employees’ remote work productivity, engagement, and stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(7), 426.10.1097/JOM.0000000000002236 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gerards, R., de Grip, A. & Baudewijns, C. (2018). Do new ways of working increase work engagement?. Personnel Review, 47(2), 517-534.10.1108/PR-02-2017-0050 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Gerbing, D. W & Anderson J. C. (1988). An updated paradigm for scale development incorporating unidimensionality and its assessment. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378802500207 10.1177/002224378802500207 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ghosh, P., Rai, A. & Sinha, A. (2014). Organizational justice and employee engagement: Exploring the linkage in public sector banks in India. Personnel Review, 43(4), 628-652.10.1108/PR-08-2013-0148 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Golden, T. D. (2009). Applying technology to work: Toward a better understanding of telework. Organization Management Journal, 6(4), 241-250.10.1057/omj.2009.33 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Golden, T. D. (2006). Avoiding depletion in virtual work: Telework and the intervening impact of work exhaustion on commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 176-187.10.1016/j.jvb.2006.02.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F. & Simsek, Z. (2008). Telecommuting's differential impact on work-family conflict: Is there no place like home? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1342-1350.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Greenberg, J. (2004). Stress fairness to fare no stress: Managing workplace stress by promoting organizational justice. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 352-365.10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.003 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hair, J.E., Hult, T.M., Ringle, C.M. & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hajjami, O. & Crocco, O. S. (2023). Evolving approaches to employee engagement: comparing antecedents in remote work and traditional workplaces. European Journal of Training and Development, (early view).10.1108/EJTD-10-2022-0103 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hallépée, S. & Mauroux, A. (2019). Quels sont les salariés concernés par le télétravail ? Direction de l’Animation de la Recherche, des Etudes et des Statistiques (DARES), 51, 1–11. https://dares.travail-emploi.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/dares_analyses_salaries_teletravail.pdf Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations. Sage Publications. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Hofstede Insights. (2024). Country comparison. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison [Accessed 9th July 2024]. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- James, J. B., McKechnie, S. & Swanberg, J. (2011). Predicting employee engagement in an age-diverse retail workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 173–196.10.1002/job.681 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Jansen, W. S., Otten, S., Van Der Zee, K. I. & Jans, L. (2014). Inclusion: Conceptualization and measurement. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 370–385.10.1002/ejsp.2011 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724.10.2307/256287 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kaplan, S., Engelsted, L., Lei, X. & Lockwood, K. (2018). Unpackaging manager mistrust in allowing telework: comparing and integrating theoretical perspectives. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33, 365-382.10.1007/s10869-017-9498-5 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kim, N. & Kang, S. W. (2017). Older and more engaged: The mediating role of age‐linked resources on work engagement. Human Resource Management, 56(5), 731-746.10.1002/hrm.21802 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kim, T., Mullins, L.B. & Yoon, T. (2021), Supervision of telework: a key to organizational performance, The American Review of Public Administration, 51(4), 263-277.10.1177/0275074021992058 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Klarsfeld, A., Carillo, K., Cachat‐Rosset, G., Saba, T. & Marsan, J. (2024). Does the welfare regime impact the telework gender stress gap?. New Technology, Work and Employment, 39(1), 168-195. 10.1111/ntwe.12287 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Klarsfeld, A., Ng, E. & Tatli, A. (2012). Social regulation and diversity management: A comparative study of France, Canada and the UK. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 18(4), 309-327.10.1177/0959680112461091 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kock, N. (2015). Common method bias in PLS-SEM: A full collinearity assessment approach. International Journal of e-Collaboration, 11(4), 1-10.10.4018/ijec.2015100101 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A. & Eaton, S. C. (2006). Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: Correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness of inclusion strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(2), 347-367.10.1016/j.jvb.2005.07.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- La Presse Canadienne (2021). Plus de la moitié des Canadiens prêt à quitter leur travail si la flexibilité n’est pas maintenue après la pandémie. Le Soleil, 22 juin 2021. https://www.lesoleil.com/2021/06/22/plus-de-la-moitie-des-canadiens-pret-a-quitter-leur-travail-si-la-flexibilite-nest-pas-maintenue-apres-la-pandemie-4fb3f7f84af402bb8973ea2492302aa1/ Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lee, H., Shin, B. & Higa, K. (2007). Telework vs. central work: A comparative view of knowledge accessibility. Decision Support Systems, 43(3), 687-700. 10.1016/j.dss.2006.11.007 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Li, P., Sun, J. M., Taris, T. W., Xing, L. & Peeters, M. C. (2021). Country differences in the relationship between leadership and employee engagement: A meta-analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(1), 101458.10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101458 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Lott, Y. & Abendroth, A. K. (2020). The non-use of telework in an ideal worker culture: why women perceive more cultural barriers. Community, Work & Family, 23(5), 593-611. 10.1080/13668803.2020.1817726 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M. & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011). Construct measurement and validation procedures in MIS and behavioural research: Integrating new and existing techniques. MIS Quarterly, 35(2), 1–5. 10.2307/23044045 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mäkikangas, A., Juutinen, S., Mäkiniemi, J. P., Sjöblom, K. & Oksanen, A. (2022). Work engagement and its antecedents in remote work: A person-centered view. Work and Stress, 36(4), 392-416.10.1080/02678373.2022.2080777 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- McKay, P. F. & Avery, D. R. (2015). Diversity climate in organizations: Current wisdom and domains of uncertainty. In Research in personnel and human resources management (pp. 191-233). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.10.1108/S0742-730120150000033008 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mann, S. & Holdsworth, L. (2003). The psychological impact of teleworking continues to redefine modern work: Stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment, 18(3), 196-211.10.1111/1468-005X.00121 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Maruyama, T. & Tietze, S. (2012). From anxiety to assurance: Concerns and outcomes of telework. Personnel Review, 41(4), 450-469.10.1108/00483481211229375 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H. & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.10.2307/258792 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mor-Barak, M. E. & Cherin, D. A. (1998). A tool to expand organizational understanding of workforce diversity: Exploring a measure of inclusion-exclusion. Administration in Social Work, 22(1), 47-64.10.1300/J147v22n01_04 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Mor-Barak, M. E., Cherin, D. A. & Berkman, S. (1998). Organizational and personal dimensions in diversity climate: Ethnic and gender differences in employee perceptions. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 34(1), 82-104. 10.1177/0021886398341006 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nagata, T., Nagata, M., Ikegami, K., Hino, A., Tateishi, S., Tsuji, M., ... & Mori, K. (2021). Intensity of home-based telework and work engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(11), 907.10.1097/JOM.0000000000002299 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nardi, B. A. & Whittaker, S. (2002). The place of face-to-face communication in distributed work. In P. Hinds & S. Kiesler (Eds.), Distributed Work, 83-110. MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/2464.003.0008 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nembhard, I. M. & Edmondson, A. C. (2006). Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(7), 941-966.10.1002/job.413 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nishii, L. H. (2013). The benefits of climate for inclusion for gender-diverse groups. Academy of Management Journal, 56(6), 1754-1774.10.5465/amj.2009.0823 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Nkomo, S. (2024). History of diversity management. In Klarsfeld, A., Nkomo, S., Taksa, L., Bender, A. F., & Cachat-Rosset, G. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Equality, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (p. 171-174). Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781800886377.ch35 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Obrad, C. & Circa, C. J. A. E. (2021). Determinants of work engagement among teachers in the context of teleworking. Amfiteatru Economic, 23, 718-735.10.24818/EA/2021/58/718 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Özbilgin, M. F. & Erbil, C. (2023). Insights into equality, diversity, and inclusion. In Contemporary approaches in equality, diversity and inclusion: Strategic and technological perspectives (p. 1-18). Emerald Publishing Limited. 10.1108/S2051-233320230000009001 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Özbilgin, M. & Tatli, A. (2008). Global Diversity Management: An Evidence Based Approach. London et New York, Palgrave.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Owl Labs (2022). State of Remote Work Report. https://resources.owllabs.com/blog/2022-state-of-remote-work-report Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Parent-Lamarche, A. (2022). Teleworking, work engagement, and intention to quit during the COVID-19 pandemic: Same storm, different boats?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1267.10.3390/ijerph19031267 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Powell, G. (2024). Inclusion. In Klarsfeld, A., Nkomo, S., Taksa, L., Bender, A. F. & Cachat-Rosset, G. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of Equality, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (p. 171-174). Edward Elgar Publishing. 10.4337/9781800886377.ch36 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Raghuram, S., Garud, R., Wiesenfeld, B. & Gupta, V. (2001). Factors contributing to virtual work adjustment. Journal of Management, 27(3), 383-405. 10.1177/014920630102700309 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Randel, A. E., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H. & Chung, B. G. (2018). Inclusive leadership: Realizing positive outcomes through belongingness and being valued for uniqueness. Human Resource Management Review, 28(2), 190-203.10.1016/j.hrmr.2017.07.002 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Razzak, M. R., Khan, G. M., & AlAbri, S. (2022). Inclusion and employee engagement of nonfamily employees in family firms: moderating influence of procedural justice. Journal of Family Business Management, 12(4), 708-728. 10.1108/JFBM-11-2020-0103 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Reynaud, J. D. (1988). Les régulations dans les organisations: régulation de contrôle et régulation autonome. Revue Française de Sociologie, 29(1), 5-18.10.2307/3321884 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Disentangling the meanings of diversity and inclusion in organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(2), 212-236.10.1177/1059601104273064 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ryan, R.M. & Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1),68-78. 10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.68 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Saba, T. & Cachat‐Rosset, G. (2020). COVID‐19 et télétravail : un remède universel ou une solution ponctuelle ? Québec et comparaison internationale [COVID‐19 and teleworking: a universal remedy or a one‐off solution? Quebec and international comparison]. https://diversite-gouvernance.umontreal.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Rapport-Teletravail-2020_OBVIA_PUB.pdf 10.61737/UCVL3111 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Saba, T., Cachat‐Rosset, G., Carillo, K., Klarsfeld, A. & Marsan, J. (2021) Is teleworking here to stay? Learning from the Covid‐19 experimentation. In: Denis, D., Régis, J.L. & Weinstock, C. (Eds.) Pandemic societies. Montreal: McGill‐Queen's University Press, 117–134.10.1515/9780228010333-009 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-619.10.1108/02683940610690169 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Shuck, B., Adelson, J. L., & Reio Jr, T. G. (2017). The employee engagement scale: Initial evidence for construct validity and implications for theory and practice. Human Resource Management, 56(6), 953-977. 10.1002/hrm.21811 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Shore, L. M., Randel, A. E., Chung, B. G., Dean, M. A., Ehrhart, K. H. & Singh, G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1262-1289.10.1177/0149206310385943 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Statistique Canada (2024). De la recherche aux connaissances : le travail à domicile au Canada. Produit no 11-631-X au catalogue de Statistique Canada.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Syed, J. & Özbilgin, M. (2009). A relational framework for international transfer of diversity management practices, fostering a sense of inclusion and engagement will remain a central challenge for organizations worldwide. International Journal of Human Resources, 20, 2435–2453. 10.1080/09585190903363755 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. (1986). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.). Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 7-24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thomas, R. (1990). From affirmative action to affirming diversity. Harvard Business Review, 68(2), 107-117.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thomas, D. A. & Ely, R. J. (1996). Making differences matter. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 79-90.Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Thulin, E. & Vilhelmson, B. (2021). Pacesetters in contemporary telework: how smartphones and mediated presence reshape the time–space rhythms of daily work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37, 250–269. 10.1111/ntwe.12224 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Ugwu, F. O., Onyishi, I. E. & Rodríguez-Sánchez, A. M. (2014). Linking organizational trust with employee engagement: The role of psychological empowerment. Personnel Review, 43(3), 377-400.10.1108/PR-11-2012-0198 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wang, H., Xiao, Y., Wang, H., Zhang, H. &Chen, X. (2023). “Who Knows Me Understands My Needs”: The Effect of Home-Based Telework on Work Engagement. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 619-635.10.2147/PRBM.S402159 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Wilson, M. & Greenhill, A. (2004). Gender and teleworking identities in the risk society: a research agenda. New Technology, Work and Employment, 19(3), 207–221. 10.1111/j.1468-005X.2004.00138.x Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar
- Yao, Q.M., Baker, L.T. & Lohrke, F.T. (2022), Building and sustaining trust in remote work by platform-dependent entrepreneurs on digital labor platforms: toward an integrative framework. Journal of Business Research, 149, 327-339.10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.046 Google Scholar Search this bibliographic reference on Google Scholar