Abstracts
Abstract
The rise of precarious work is an increasing concern for policymakers and researchers, with outsourcing frequently identified as a key driver. In response, skills development and formal qualifications are widely promoted as potential remedies. We examine this development through a categorization lens, focusing on two vocational credentials created for industrial services in Germany. By analyzing how industry actors categorize the work of apprenticeship-qualified employees, we investigate whether recategorizing peripheral jobs as skilled labour effectively addresses precarious employment.
We find that the two apprenticeship programs reframe work as skilled and legitimate without substantially improving conditions for workers. Employers may repurpose apprenticeships to serve commercial interests rather than traditional worker-centred roles. This illustrates how institutions can be incrementally reshaped and even undermined through the social negotiation of occupational categories. We demonstrate the applicability of categorization theory to labour markets and work organization, thereby clarifying how recategorization functions as a mechanism of gradual institutional change in precarious sectors. We also show how new apprenticeship programs are strategically positioned within occupational hierarchies, with mixed implications for vocational education reform. Overall, categorization is a contested social process shaped by power asymmetries. While apprenticeships hold symbolic value in elevating work status, the actual reduction of precarity remains limited. The challenges of precarious employment are reinforced rather than resolved.
Keywords:
- Training,
- Industrial relations,
- Categories,
- Institutional theory,
- Apprenticeships,
- Work and employment,
- Germany JEL classification,
- D02 Institutions,
- M53 Training,
- M54 Labour Management
Résumé
La montée du travail précaire est une préoccupation croissante pour les décideurs politiques et les chercheurs, l'externalisation étant souvent identifiée comme un facteur clé. En réponse, le développement des compétences et les qualifications formelles sont largement promus comme des remèdes potentiels. Cet article examine cette évolution à travers le prisme de la catégorisation, en se concentrant sur deux certifications professionnelles établies dans les services industriels en Allemagne. En analysant la manière dont les acteurs industriels catégorisent le travail des employés qualifiés par l'apprentissage, nous cherchons à déterminer si la recatégorisation des emplois périphériques en tant que travail qualifié permet de lutter efficacement contre la précarité de l'emploi.
Nos conclusions révèlent que, grâce à la catégorisation, les apprentissages redéfinissent le travail comme qualifié et légitime sans améliorer sensiblement les conditions des travailleurs. Les employeurs réorientent souvent les apprentissages vers des intérêts commerciaux plutôt que vers des rôles traditionnels centrés sur les travailleurs. Cela illustre comment les institutions peuvent être progressivement remodelées, voire affaiblies, par la négociation sociale des catégories professionnelles. L'étude démontre l'applicabilité de la théorie de la catégorisation aux marchés du travail et à l'organisation du travail, clarifie comment la recatégorisation fonctionne comme un mécanisme de changement institutionnel progressif dans les secteurs précaires, et montre comment les nouveaux apprentissages sont stratégiquement positionnés dans les hiérarchies professionnelles, avec des implications mitigées pour la réforme de l'enseignement professionnel. Dans l'ensemble, l'analyse met en évidence la catégorisation comme un processus social contesté, façonné par des asymétries de pouvoir. Si les apprentissages ont une valeur symbolique en termes d'amélioration du statut professionnel, leur impact pratique sur la réduction de la précarité reste limité, renforçant plutôt que résolvant les défis liés à l'emploi précaire.
Appendices
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