Abstracts
Abstract
New labour market intermediaries, such as those using digital platforms, are challenging not only temporary help agencies but also traditional employer–employee relationships. A new conceptual scheme is proposed to distinguish between three functions: a) allocating the work; b) entering into a contract with the worker; and c) managing and organizing the work.
By using this scheme in a study of 11 intermediaries of knowledge-intensive work in Norway, we found that self-service platforms are insufficient and must be supplemented with active client involvement during several stages of the allocation process. Such active involvement is driven by the complexity of the assignments and the client’s uncertainty about job requirements. Regarding management of the work, our findings contrast both with the common perception of independent contractors’ work as self-directed and with the idea that an intermediary can use algorithms to manage work. In reality, the contractor's work is managed in very different ways.
Our paper outlines several approaches that combine some or all of the three functions and adds to the literature by describing new forms of triangular work arrangements.
Keywords:
- Labour market intermediaries,
- allocation,
- digital platforms,
- contractor
Résumé
Les nouveaux intermédiaires du marché du travail, comme ceux utilisant les plateformes numériques, remettent en question non seulement les agences de placement temporaire, mais aussi les relations traditionnelles entre employeur et employé. Un nouveau schéma conceptuel est proposé pour distinguer trois fonctions : a) répartir le travail ; b) conclure un contrat avec le travailleur; et c) gérer et organiser le travail.
En utilisant ce schéma dans une étude portant sur 11 intermédiaires des travailleurs du savoir en Norvège, nous avons constaté que les plateformes en libre-service sont insuffisantes et doivent être complétées par l’implication active du client à plusieurs étapes du processus de répartition. Cette implication active est motivée autant par la complexité des affectations que par l'incertitude du client quant aux exigences du poste. En ce qui concerne la gestion du travail, nos résultats contrastent avec la perception courante du travail des entrepreneurs indépendants comme étant autodirigé, ainsi qu’avec l’idée qu’un intermédiaire puisse utiliser des algorithmes pour gérer le travail. En réalité, le travail de l'entrepreneur est géré de plusieurs manières très différentes.
En somme, nous décrivons plusieurs approches qui combinent tout ou partie de ces trois fonctions. De plus, nous enrichissions la littérature en décrivant de nouvelles modalités de travail triangulaires.
Mots-clés :
- Intermédiaires du marché du travail,
- répartition,
- plateformes numériques,
- entrepreneur
Appendices
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