Abstracts
Summary
Under Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP), migrant workers come to Canada for up to eight months each year, without their families, to work as temporary foreign workers in agriculture. Using a ‘whole worker’ industrial relations approach, which emphasizes intersections among work, family and community relations, this article assesses the impacts of these repeated separations on the wellbeing and cohesion of Mexican workers’ transnational families. The analysis is based primarily on 74 in-depth, semi-structured interviews that were conducted in Spanish with male workers, their spouses and children, and with the children’s teachers. Assessment criteria include effects on children’s health and educational success, children’s behaviour, mothers’ abilities to cope with added roles and work, and emotional relations among workers, children and spouses.
The study findings suggest that families are often negatively impacted by these repeated separations, with particular consequences for the mental and physical health of children. Children’s behavioural challenges often include poor school performance, involvement in crime, drug and alcohol abuse (especially among sons), and early pregnancies among daughters. As temporary ‘single moms,’ wives often have difficulty coping with extra functions and burdens, and lack of support when their husbands are working in Canada. Typically, there are profound emotional consequences for workers and, frequently, strained family relations. The article concludes by offering practical policy recommendations to lessen negative impacts on SAWP workers and their families, including higher remittances; improved access to labour rights and standards; and new options for family reunification.
Keywords:
- Temporary Foreign Worker Program,
- labour standards,
- family cohesion,
- ‘whole worker’ industrial relations,
- transnational migrant workers and their families
Résumé
Dans le cadre du Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (PTAS), des travailleurs migrants séjournent au Canada (jusqu’à huit semaines chaque année sans leur famille) afin de travailler comme travailleur étranger temporaire en agriculture. En faisant appel à une approche de relations industrielles de type « travailleur intégré » qui met l’accent sur les interrelations entre travail, famille et communauté, cet article évalue les effets de ces séparations répétées sur le bien-être et la cohésion des familles transnationales des travailleurs mexicains. L’analyse s’appuie sur 74 entrevues semi-dirigées en profondeur qui ont été réalisées en espagnol auprès de travailleurs, leurs conjointes et enfants, ainsi qu’auprès d’enseignants de ces enfants. Les critères d’évaluation incluent les effets sur la santé et la réussite scolaire des enfants, leurs comportements, les aptitudes des mères à composer avec leurs rôles additionnels et le travail, de même que sur les relations émotionnelles entre les travailleurs, leurs conjointes et leurs enfants.
Les résultats de notre étude suggèrent que les familles subissent souvent des effets négatifs de ces séparations répétées, avec des conséquences particulières sur la santé mentale et physique des enfants. Les défis auxquels les enfants doivent faire face dans leurs comportements incluent souvent une faible performance scolaire, des délits de nature criminelle, l’abus de drogues et d’alcool (particulièrement chez les garçons), ainsi que des grossesses précoces chez les filles. En tant que mamans « monoparentales temporairement », les conjointes ont souvent de la difficulté à composer avec les fonctions et les tâches additionnelles, car elles manquent de support lorsque leurs conjoints travaillent au Canada. Typiquement, on observe des conséquences émotionnelles profondes chez ces travailleurs et, fréquemment, des relations familiales tendues. L’article conclut par des recommandations pratiques pour amoindrir les effets négatifs du PTAS sur les travailleurs et leurs familles, incluant des versements plus élevés, un accès accru aux droits et aux normes du travail, ainsi que de nouvelles options pour la réunification des familles.
Mots-clés:
- Programme des travailleurs étrangers temporaires,
- normes du travail,
- cohésion familiale,
- relations industrielles du « travailleur intégré »,
- travailleurs migrants transnationaux et leurs familles
Resumen
Bajo el Programa de Trabajadores Agrícolas Temporales (PTAT), los jornaleros mexicanos llegan a Canadá sin sus familias para laborar en la agricultura hasta por ocho meses cada año. Utilizando el enfoque de las relaciones industriales “el trabajador como un todo”, que enfatiza las intersecciones entre las relaciones laborales, familiares y comunitarias, este artículo evalúa los impactos de estas repetidas separaciones en el bienestar y la cohesión de las familias transnacionales de los trabajadores mexicanos. El análisis se basa principalmente en 74 entrevistas a profundidad, semiestructuradas, que se realizaron en español con los trabajadores migrantes, sus cónyuges e hijos, y con los maestros de estos últimos. Los criterios de evaluación incluyen los efectos sobre la salud y el éxito educativo de los hijos y su comportamiento, las capacidades de las madres para hacer frente a nuevos roles y trabajos adicionales y las relaciones emocionales entre los trabajadores, los hijos y los cónyuges.
Los resultados del estudio sugieren que las familias suelen verse afectadas negativamente por estas separaciones repetidas, con consecuencias particulares en la salud mental y física de los hijos. Los desafíos de conducta de los hijos a menudo incluyen el mal desempeño escolar, la participación en el crimen, el abuso de drogas y alcohol (especialmente entre los varones) y los embarazos tempranos entre las mujeres. Como “madres solteras temporales”, las esposas a menudo tienen dificultades para hacer frente a las funciones y cargas adicionales debido a la falta de apoyo de sus maridos quienes se encuentran trabajando en Canadá. Típicamente hay profundas consecuencias emocionales para los trabajadores y, con frecuencia, se tensan las relaciones familiares. El artículo concluye ofreciendo recomendaciones políticas prácticas para disminuir los impactos negativos sobre los trabajadores del PTAT y sus familias, incluyendo: incremento de remesas, mejor acceso a los derechos y normas laborales y nuevas opciones para la reunificación familiar.
Palabras claves:
- Programa de trabajadores temporales extranjeros,
- estándares laborales,
- cohesión familiar,
- relaciones laborales de tipo « trabajador integral »,
- trabajadores migrantes transnacionales y sus familias
Appendices
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