Abstracts
Abstract
This study bridges the gap between theoretical frameworks and classroom practice by designing a translanguaging pedagogy (TP) module for volunteer teachers at an alternative learning centre serving refugees in Malaysia. Grounded in a comprehensive needs analysis and refined through expert consensus, the module emphasizes bilingual proficiency, interactive teaching methods, and diverse learning materials to enhance English communication skills. Focused on pedagogical usability and teacher engagement, the research evaluates the module’s effectiveness through teachers’ perceptions and interactions with students, rather than language proficiency outcomes. Findings demonstrate TP offers a practical, inclusive approach to meeting refugee learners’ unique needs, contributing to the development of adaptable, effective teaching strategies that translate theory into impactful classroom practices for marginalized communities.
Keywords:
- translanguaging pedagogical module,
- refugees' education,
- translanguaging pedagogy for refugees
Résumé
Cette étude comble le fossé entre les cadres théoriques et les applications pratiques dans la mise en œuvre d’un module de pédagogie translangagière (TP) par des enseignants bénévoles dans un centre d’apprentissage alternatif sélectionné en Malaisie. Cette institution offre des opportunités d’apprentissage inclusives aux groupes marginalisés tels que les réfugiés et les communautés indigènes, en se concentrant sur l’éducation de base et le soutien linguistique en collaboration avec les ONG locales. En tirant parti de la compétence bilingue, en incorporant des méthodes d’enseignement interactives et communicatives, en utilisant divers matériels d’apprentissage et en favorisant un environnement d’apprentissage positif, le module de TP vise à améliorer les compétences de communication en anglais des étudiants réfugiés. La recherche s’appuie sur une analyse rigoureuse des besoins afin d’identifier les objectifs pédagogiques, puis elle est développée et affinée grâce à un consensus d’experts. Le module reflète le passage de concepts théoriques à des stratégies pratiques, guidées par le modèle d’approche systémique. Il a été évalué en fonction de sa facilité d’utilisation pédagogique, en particulier à travers les perceptions des enseignants et leurs engagements avec les élèves, plutôt qu’en mesurant les compétences linguistiques des élèves. Les résultats démontrent l’impact significatif de la TP sur l’amélioration des résultats scolaires et la prise en compte des besoins spécifiques des élèves réfugiés. Cette étude souligne l’importance de traduire les théories éducatives en pratiques efficaces en classe, contribuant ainsi au développement de stratégies d’enseignement inclusives et adaptables dans le contexte de l’éducation des réfugiés.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Adams, B. L. (2020). How English-speaking teachers can create a welcoming environment that allows students to maintain and utilize their language through translanguaging: A qualitative case study. Journal of Culture and Values in Education, 3(2), 196–211. https://doi.org/10.46303/jcve.2020.20
- Ali, S. S. M., Ahmad, Y., Tahir, N. S., Ayob, N. A., Aziz, N. A., & Mustapha, S. Z. (2025). Education for Rohingya refugee children in Malaysia: A pathway to sustainable development goals. Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5(2), Article e04312. https://doi.org/10.47172/2965-730X.SDGsReview.v5.n02.pe04312
- Alias, N., Siraj, S., & Rahman, M. N. A. (2013). Design and development research: Emergent trends in educational research. Pearson.
- Allsopp, D. H., DeMarie, D., Alvarez-McHatton, P., & Doone, E. (2006). Bridging the gap between theory and practice: Connecting courses with field experiences. Teacher Education Quarterly, 33(1), 19–35. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23478732
- Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141–178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327809jls0202_2
- Canagarajah, S. (2022). Challenges in decolonizing linguistics: The politics of enregisterment and the divergent uptakes of translingualism. Educational Linguistics, 1(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1515/eduling-2021-0005
- Capstick, T., & Ateek, M. (2024). Translanguaging spaces as safe space for psycho-social support in refugee settings in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(2), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2021.1899192
- Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2011). A holistic approach to multilingual education: Introduction. The Modern Language Journal, 95(3), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2011.01204.x
- Cenoz, J., & Gorter, D. (2025). The potential of pedagogical translanguaging in English language and in English-medium content classes. Linguistics and Education, 86, Article 101399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2025.101399
- Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2010). Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching? The Modern Language Journal, 94(1), 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2009.00986.x
- Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2011). Separate and flexible bilingualism in complementary schools: Multiple language practices in interrelationship. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(5), 1196–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2010.10.006
- Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. (2001). The systematic design of instruction (5th ed.). Longman.
- Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. (2012). A model for the systematic design of instruction. In S. Dijkstra, F. Schott, N. M. Seel, & R. D. Tennyson (Eds.), Instructional design: international perspectives: Vol. 1. Theory, research, and models (pp. 361–370). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203052778
- Donley, K. G. (2022). Teaching with translanguaging as a critical literacy pedagogy in elementary dual-language immersion education [Doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon]. University of Oregon ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2700379025
- Dougherty, J. (2021). Translanguaging in action: Pedagogy that elevates. ORTESOL Journal, 38, 19–32. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1305313
- Emerick, M. R., Hoffman, B. Y., & Kanno, Y. (2020). Teaching Hispanic restaurant workers: Translanguaging as culturally sustaining pedagogy. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 51(3), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/aeq.12340
- Faizan, K., Ismail, F., Rajput, A., & Farrukh, T. (2025). Employment and education barriers: Examining the socioeconomic impact of restricted rights for refugees and migrants in Malaysia. Semarak International Journal of Current Research in Language and Human Studies (SIJCRLHS), 2(1), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.37934/sijcrlhs.2.1.2637b
- Fu, D., Hadjioannou, X., & Zhou, X. (2019). Translanguaging for emergent bilinguals: Inclusive teaching in the linguistically diverse classroom. Teachers College Press.
- García, O. (2009). Education, multilingualism and translanguaging in the 21st century. In T. Skutnabb-Kangas, R. Phillipson, A. K. Mohanty, & M. Panda (Eds.), Social justice through multilingual education (pp. 140–153). Multilingial Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847691910-011.
- García, O., & Kano, N. (2014). Translanguaging as process and pedagogy: Developing the English writing of Japanese students in the US. In J. Conteh & G. Meier (Eds.), The multilingual turn in languages education: Opportunities and challenges (pp. 258–277). Multilingual Matters. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.26931959
- García, O., & Kleyn, T. (2016). Translanguaging theory in education. In O. García & T. Kleyn (Eds.), Translanguaging with multilingual students: Learning from classroom moments (pp. 9–33). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315695242
- García, O., & Wei, L. (2015). Translanguaging, bilingualism, and bilingual education. In W. E. Wright, S. Boun, & O. García (Eds.), The handbook of bilingual and multilingual education (pp. 223–240). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118533406.ch13
- Heugh, K., & Mohamed, N. (2020). Approaches to language in education for migrants and refugees in the Asia-Pacific region. UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373660
- Jaya, S., Zaharudin, R., Hashim, N. A., Zaid, S. M., Ithnin, M. A., Mapjabil, J., & Nordin, M. N. (2021). Employing design and development research (DDR) approach in designing next generation learning spaces (NGLS) in teachers’ pedagogy and technology tools. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(7), 1237–1246. https://rigeo.org/menu-script/index.php/rigeo/article/view/1831
- Khairi, A., Ahmad, I., & Zainal, S. (2023). Sustainable development goals (SDGs) and education for Rohingya refugees in Malaysia. Environment and Social Psychology, 8(2), Article 1915. https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v8i2.1915
- Lee, H., & Hoque, M. M. (2024). Rohingya refugee education in Malaysia: An analysis of current standards and challenges. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 50(7), 416–437. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2024/v50i71474
- Letchamanan, H. (2013). Myanmar’s Rohingya refugees in Malaysia: Education and the way forward. Journal of International and Comparative Education (JICE), 2(2), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.14425/00.50.24
- Loganathan, T., Ong, Z. L., Hassan, F., Chan, Z. X., & Majid, H. A. (2023). Barriers and facilitators to education access for marginalised non-citizen children in Malaysia: A qualitative study. PLOS One, 18(6), Article e0286793. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286793
- Luke, A., Woods, A., & Weir, K. (2013). Curriculum design, equity and the technical form of the curriculum. In A. Luke, A. Woods, & K. Weir (Eds.), Curriculum, syllabus design and equity: A primer and model (pp. 6–39). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203833452
- MacSwan, J. (Ed.). (2022). Multilingual perspectives on translanguaging. Multilingual Matters.
- Maxwell, T. (2024). Using action research and structured feedback to develop reflection. In L. Cornish (Ed.), (Re)learning as reflective practitioners: Insights for other professions from reflective practice in teacher education (pp. 71–83). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60211-5_6
- Moore, E., Bradley, J., & Simpson, J. (2020). Translanguaging as transformation: The collaborative construction of new linguistic realities (Vol. 3). Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.22730468
- Palmer, D. K., Martínez, R. A., Mateus, S. G., & Henderson, K. (2014). Reframing the debate on language separation: Toward a vision for translanguaging pedagogies in the dual language classroom. The Modern Language Journal, 98(3), 757–772. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12121
- Phyak, P. (2023). Translanguaging as a space of simultaneity: Theorizing translanguaging pedagogies in English medium schools from a spatial perspective. The Modern Language Journal, 107(1), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12830
- Pillai, S., & Ong, L. T. (2018). English(es) in Malaysia. Asian Englishes, 20(2), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2018.1459073
- Pontier, R. W. (2022). Developing translanguaging stances in ESOL-focused teacher education courses: Teacher candidates’ beliefs about and knowledge of bilingualism and bilingual education. TESL-EJ, 25(4). https://tesl-ej.org/wordpress/issues/volume25/ej100/ej100a3/
- Poza, L. (2017). Translanguaging: Definitions, implications, and further needs in burgeoning inquiry. Berkeley Review of Education, 6(2), 101–128. https://doi.org/10.5070/B86110060
- Rahma, A., Mardiatno, D., & Hizbaron, D. R. (2024). Developing a theoretical framework: School ecosystem-based disaster risk education. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 33(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/10382046.2023.2214041
- Rajendram, S. (2022). “Our country has gained independence, but we haven’t”: Collaborative translanguaging to decolonize English language teaching. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 42, 78–86. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190521000155
- Resch, K., Schrittesser, I., & Knapp, M. (2024). Overcoming the theory–practice divide in teacher education with the “Partner School Programme.” A conceptual mapping. European Journal of Teacher Education, 47(3), 564–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2022.2058928
- Saleh, N., Haque, M., & Mohamad, S. (2023). Non-formal education for displaced Rohingya children in Selangor: Issues and challenges. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 12(1), 1842–1854. https://ijarped.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1510
- Samsudin, A. Z., & Ismail, N. K. (2023). Educational management of refugee children Rohingya in Malaysia: Issues and challenges. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 8(50), 650–663. https://doi.org/10.35631/10.35631/ijepc.850046
- Savski, K. (2019). Historical ethnography of policy discourse: Examining the genesis of a language strategy in Slovenia. In N. Montesano Montessori, M. Farrelly, & J. Mulderrig (Eds.), Critical policy discourse analysis (pp. 193–215). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788974967.00014
- Seltzer, K. (2022). Enacting a critical translingual approach in teacher preparation: Disrupting oppressive language ideologies and fostering the personal, political, and pedagogical stances of preservice teachers of English. TESOL Journal, 13(2), Article e649. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.649
- Seltzer, K., & García, O. (2020). Broadening the view: Taking up a translanguaging pedagogy with all language-minoritized students. In Z. Tian, L. Aghai, P. Sayer, & J. L. Schissel (Eds.), Envisioning TESOL through a translanguaging lens: Global perspectives (pp. 23–42). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47031-9_2
- Sembiante, S. F., & Tian, Z. (2020). The need for translanguaging in TESOL. In Z. Tian, L. Aghai, P. Sayer, & J. L. Schissel (Eds.), Envisioning TESOL through a translanguaging lens: Global perspectives (pp. 43–66). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47031-9_3
- Tai, K. W. H., & Wei, L. (2020). Bringing the outside in: Connecting students’ out-of-school knowledge and experience through translanguaging in Hong Kong English medium instruction mathematics classes. System, 95, Article 102364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102364
- Tian, Z. (2022). Translanguaging design in a third grade Chinese language arts class. Applied Linguistics Review, 13(3), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2021-0024
- Too, W. K. (2023). “People are already doing it”: Malaysian English language teachers’ perceptions on translanguaging. Asian Englishes, 25(2), 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2023.2214769
- UNHCR. (n.d.). Education in Malaysia. Retrieved August 15, 2023, from https://www.unhcr.org/my/education-malaysia
- Van Viegen, S. (2020). Translanguaging for and as learning with youth from refugee backgrounds. Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(1), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v3n1.300
- Wei, L. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx039
- Wei, L. (2024). Transformative pedagogy for inclusion and social justice through translanguaging, co-learning, and transpositioning. Language Teaching, 57(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444823000186
- Wei, L., & García, O. (2017). From researching translanguaging to translanguaging research. In K. King, Y. J. Lai, & S. May (Eds.), Research methods in language and education: Encyclopedia of language and education (pp. 227–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02249-9_16
- Wei, L., & García, O. (2022). Not a first language but one repertoire: Translanguaging as a decolonizing project. RELC Journal, 53(2), 313–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221092841
- Wei, L., & Lin, A. M. (2019). Translanguaging classroom discourse: Pushing limits, breaking boundaries. Classroom Discourse, 10(3–4), 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463014.2019.1635032
- Yilmaz, T. (2021). Translanguaging as a pedagogy for equity of language minoritized students. International Journal of Multilingualism, 18(3), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790718.2019.1640705
- Young, A. S. (2014). Unpacking teachers’ language ideologies: Attitudes, beliefs, and practiced language policies in schools in Alsace, France. Language Awareness, 23(1–2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2013.863902
- Yurinova, E. A., Byrdina, O. G., & Dolzhenko, S. G. (2022). Transprofessional competences of school teachers in the digital environment: Education employers’ perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 27(2), 1841–1863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10687-w
- Zembylas, M., Charalambous, C., & Charalambous, P. (2016). Peace education in a conflict-affected society. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107414945

