Abstracts
Résumé
Le concept d’alliance thérapeutique renvoie à la qualité d’une relation établie dans un contexte professionnel entre un intervenant et la personne qu’il accompagne. Depuis plusieurs années, ce concept a retenu l’attention des chercheurs et des cliniciens lui reconnaissant son apport dans la réussite d’une intervention. Si plusieurs auteurs se sont penchés sur le processus de création de l’alliance thérapeutique, peu l’ont fait en psychoéducation. Cet article vise à explorer les spécificités psychoéducatives dans les processus de création de l’alliance thérapeutique en explorant les liens entre certains concepts psychoéducatifs et ces processus. Pour ce faire, nous effectuerons d’abord un bref survol des écrits scientifiques liés au concept d’alliance thérapeutique. Puis, nous aborderons les particularités de l’accompagnement psychoéducatif en tant que forme de relation d’aide : le caractère éducatif de la relation, la prise en compte des interactions de la personne avec son environnement et la notion de vécu partagé. Nous explorerons ensuite les spécificités psychoéducatives de la création de l’alliance à l’aide du modèle conceptuel de Bordin (1979) : objectif, tâche et lien. En guise de conclusion, les contributions, les limites et des pistes de recherche futures seront discutées. La contribution conceptuelle de cet article se veut un appel à poursuivre la réflexion sur les spécificités de l’accompagnement psychoéducatif dans les processus de création de l’alliance thérapeutique, notamment en regard aux importants changements quant à la place accordée au vécu partagé et aux aspects encore trop peu étudiés comme la contribution de l’environnement à l’alliance thérapeutique.
Mots-clés :
- alliance thérapeutique,
- accompagnement psychoéducatif,
- structure d’ensemble,
- relation d’aide
Abstract
The concept of therapeutic alliance refers to the quality of a relationship formed in a professional context between a practitioner and the individual they support. Over the years, this concept has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians, being associated with positive therapeutic outcomes. While several authors have examined the alliance-building processes, few have done so in the field of psychoeducation. This paper aims to explore the psychoeducational specificities in the process of building the alliance by examining the links between certain psychoeducational concepts and these processes. For that purpose, we will begin with a brief overview of the scientific literature related to the concept of therapeutic alliance. Then, we will address the specific characteristics of psychoeducational support as a form of supportive relationship: the educational nature of the relationship, the consideration of the person’s interactions with their environment, and the notion of shared lived experience. Afterwards, we will explore the psychoeducational characteristics of alliance-building process, using Bordin’s (1979) conceptual model: goal, task and bond. In conclusion, the conceptual contributions, limitations, and future research directions will be discussed. The conceptual contribution of this article serves as a call to further reflection on the specificities of psychoeducational support in the alliance-building process, particularly regarding significant changes in the emphasis on shared lived experience and aspects that are still under-studied, such as the contribution of the environment to the therapeutic alliance.
Keywords:
- therapeutic alliance,
- psychoeducational support,
- helping relationship
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Accurso, E. C. et Garland, A. F. (2015). Child, caregiver, and therapist perspectives on therapeutic alliance in usual care child psychotherapy. Psychological Assessment, 27(1), 347-352.
- Ackerman, S. J., et Hilsenroth, M. J. (2003). A review of therapist characteristics and techniques positively impacting the therapeutic alliance. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(1), 1-33.
- Alvarez, I., Herrero, M., Martínez-Pampliega, A. et Escudero, V. (2020). Measuring perceptions of the therapeutic alliance in individual, family, and group therapy from a systemic perspective: structural validity of the SOFTA-S. Family Process. 60(2), 302-315.
- Baier, A. L., Kline, A. C., et Feeny, N. C. (2020). Therapeutic alliance as a mediator of change: A systematic review and evaluation of research. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101921
- Baillargeon, P., Pinsof, W. M., et Leduc, A. (2005a). L’alliance thérapeutique : la création et la progression du lien. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 55(4), 225-234.
- Baillargeon, P., Pinsof, W. M., et Leduc, A. (2005b). Modèle systémique de l’alliance thérapeutique. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 55(3), 137-143.
- Barber, J. P. (2009). Toward a working through of some core conflicts in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 19(1), 1-12.
- Baylis, P. J., Collins, D. et Coleman, H. (2011). Child alliance process theory: A qualitative study of a child centred therapeutic alliance. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(2), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-011-0224-2
- Beauregard, D., Morin, J. et Petretta, R. (2018). Une alliance psychoéducative. Les Éditions Première chance.
- Bégin, J.-Y., Bluteau, J., Arseneault, C. et Pronovost, J. (2012). Psychoeducation in Quebec: Past to present. Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 7(1), 1-16.
- Benítez, J. L., Abascal, A., Garrido, M. et Escudero, V. (2020). Building an expanded therapeutic alliance: A task analysis with families trapped in parental-adolescent conflict. Family Process, 59(2), 409-427.
- Bioy, A. et Bachelart, M. (2010). L’alliance thérapeutique: historique, recherches et perspectives cliniques. Perspectives psy, 49(4), 317-326.
- Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, research & practice, 16(3), 252-260.
- Bordin, E. S. (1994). Theory and research on the therapeutic working alliance: New direction In A. O. Horvath et L. S. Greenberg (dir.), The working alliance theory, research and practice (p. 13-37). John Wiley et Sons.
- Bouchard, M., Brault, N. et Bluteau, J. (2021). L’observation participante. Dans J. Pronovost, M. Caouette et J. Bluteau (dir.), L’observation psychoéducative : Concepts et méthodes (2e éd., p.73-87). Béliveau éditeur.
- Campbell, A. F. et Simmonds, J. G. (2011). Therapist perspectives on the therapeutic alliance with children and adolescents. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 24(3), 195-209.
- Caouette, M. et Pronovost, J. (2013). L’utilisation psychoéducative : une compétence du psychoéducateur. Revue de psychoéducation, 42(2), 281-297.
- Capul, M., et Lemay, M. (2005). De l’éducation spécialisée (2e éd.). Erès.
- Code des professions (2021). Code de déontologie des psychoéducateurs et psychoéducatrices. https://www.legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/fr/document/rc/C-26,%20r.%20207.2.01%20/
- Constantino, M., Ladany, N., et Borkovec, T. (2010). Edward S. Bordin: Innovative thinker, influential investigator, and inspiring teacher. Dans L. G. Castonguay, J. C. Muran, L. Angus, J. A. Hayes, N. Ladany et T. Anderson (dir.), Bringing psychotherapy research to life: understanding change through the work of leading clinical researchers (p. 21-57). American Psychological Association.
- Crist-Christoph, P. et Connolly Gibbons, M. B. (2021). Psychotherapy Process-Outcome Research: advances in understanding causal connections Dans B. Michael, L. Wolfgang et G. C. Louis (dir.), Bergin and Garfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (p 263-296). Wiley. John Wiley et Sons.
- Daigle, S., Couture, C., Renou, M., Potvin, P. et Rousseau, M. (2018). Spécificité identitaire, usage du vécu partagé et exercice contemporain de la psychoéducation. Revue de psychoéducation, 47(1), 135-156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7202/1046775ar
- Daigle, S. et Renou, M. (2019). Le psychoéducateur et le vécu partagé : évolution, actualité, avenir. Béliveau Éditeur.
- Doran, J. M. (2016). The working alliance: Where have we been, where are we going? Psychotherapy Research, 26(2), 146-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2014.954153
- Duvauchel, M. (2001). Éclairer sans aveugler. Dans G. Gendreau (dir.), Jeunes en difficulté et intervention psychoéducative (p. 337-372). Éditions Sciences et culture.
- Edmond, M. (2019). Qu’est-ce qu’une psychothérapie? Dans C. Tarquinio (dir.), Pratique de la psychothérapie EMDR (p. 11-18). Dunod.
- Ellis, A. E., Simiola, V., Brown, L., Courtois, C., et Cook, J. M. (2018). The role of evidence-based therapy relationships on treatment outcome for adults with trauma: A systematic review. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 19(2), 185-213.
- Escudero, V. et Friedlander, M. L. (2017). Using the Therapeutic Alliance to Empower Couples and Families Dans V. Escudero et M. L. Friedlander (dir.), Therapeutic alliances with families: Empowering clients in challenging cases (p. 1-35). Springer.
- Eubanks-Carter, C., Muran, J. C. et Safran, J. D. (2015). Alliance-focused training. Psychotherapy, 52(2), 169-173.
- Florsheim, P., Shotorbani, S., Guest-Warnick, G., Barratt, T. et Hwang, W.-C. (2000). Role of the working alliance in the treatment of delinquent boys in community-based programs. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 94-107.
- Flückiger, C., Rubel, J., Del Re, A., Horvath, A. O., Wampold, B. E., Crits-Christoph, P., Atzil-Slonim, D., Compare, A., Falkenström, F. et Ekeblad, A. (2020). The reciprocal relationship between alliance and early treatment symptoms: A two-stage individual participant data meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(9), 829-843.
- Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., et Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316-340. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000172
- Freud, S. (1913). On the beginning of treatment: Further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis. Dans J. Strachey (dir.), Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (p. 122-144). Hogarth Press.
- Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., Heatherington, L. et Diamond, G. M. (2011). Alliance in couple and family therapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 25-33.
- Friedlander, M. L., Escudero, V., Welmers-van de Poll, M. J. et Heatherington, L. (2018). Meta-analysis of the alliance–outcome relation in couple and family therapy. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 356-371. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000161
- Gelso, C. (2014). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: Theory, research, and practice. Psychotherapy Research, 24(2), 117-131.
- Gelso, C. J., et Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 296-306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.41.3.296
- Gendreau, G. (2001). Jeunes en difficulté et intervention psychoéducative. Éditions Sciences et Culture.
- Goupil, G. (2004). Plans d’intervention, de services et de transition. Gaëtan Morin Éditeur.
- Greenson, R. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neurosis. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 34(2), 155-181.
- Hatcher, R. L. (2015). Interpersonal competencies: Responsiveness, technique, and training in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 70(8), 747-757.
- Hétu, J.-L. (2007). La relation d’aide (4 éd.). Gaëtan Morin éditeur
- Hilsenroth, M. J., Peters, E. J. et Ackerman, S. J. (2004). The development of therapeutic alliance during psychological assessment: Patient and therapist perspectives across treatment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(3), 332-344.
- Horvath, A. O. (1994). Empirical validation of Bordin’s pantheoretical model of alliance: the working alliance inventory perceptive Dans A. O. Horvath et L. S. Greenberg (dir.), The working alliance theory, research and practice (p. 109-128). John Wiley and Sons.
- Horvath, A. O. (2001). The alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.365
- Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., et Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022186
- Horvath, A. O., et Symonds, B. D. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(2), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.38.2.139
- Horvath, A. O. (2018). Research on the alliance: Knowledge in search of a theory. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 499-516.
- Hudson, S. M. et Ward, T. (1997). Intimacy, loneliness, and attachment style in sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(3), 323-339.
- Karver, M. S., De Nadai, A. S., Monahan, M. et Shirk, S. R. (2018). Meta-analysis of the prospective relation between alliance and outcome in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 341-355. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000176
- Karver, M. S., De Nadai, A. S., Monahan, M. et Shirk, S. R. (2019). Alliance in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Dans J. C. Norcross et M. J. Lambert (dir.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based therapist contributions (p. 79-116). Oxford University Press.
- Krause, M., Altimir, C. et Horvath, A. (2011). Deconstructing the therapeutic alliance: Reflections on the underlying dimensions of the concept. Clinical and Health, 22(3), 267-283.
- Lafortune, D. (2022). L’alliance de travail en contexte d’intervention sous contrainte. Dans J., Carpentier, C., Arseneault et M., Alain (dir.), Délinquance à l’adolescence : Comprendre, évaluer, intervenir (p.303-325). Les Presses de l’Université du Québec.
- Lambert, M. J., et Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 357-361.
- Le Blanc, M. et Morizot, J. (2021). La psychoéducation classique est-elle une discipline en dissipation? Le parcours de l’École de psychoéducation de l’Université de Montréal en parallèle de quatre périodes doctrinaires : de la réforme à la rééducation vers l’hétérogisme et le contrôle. Revue de psychoéducation, 50(2), 265-326.
- Lingiardi, V., Holmqvist, R. et Safran, J. D. (2016). Relational turn and psychotherapy research. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 52(2), 275-312.
- Malhotra, S. et Chauhan, N. (2020). The therapeutic alliance between the child, parents, and health professionals. Dans A. Gallagher, C. Bulteau, D. Cohen et J. L. Michaud (dir.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (p. 323-332). Elsevier.
- Martin, D. J., Garske, J. P. et Davis, M. K. (2000). Relation of the therapeutic alliance with outcome and other variables: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 438-450.
- McLeod, B. D. (2011). Relation of the alliance with outcomes in youth psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 603-616.
- Miller, W. R., et Rollnick, S. (2019). L’entretien motivationnel : Aider la personne à engager le changement (2e éd.). InterEditions.
- Muntigl, P. et Horvath, A. O. (2016). A conversation analytic study of building and repairing the alliance in family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 38(1), 102-119.
- Nathan R. Hardy, Allen K. Sabey et Anderson, S. R. (2020). The Process of Change in Systemic Family Therapy. Dans K.S. Wampler, R.B. Miller et R.B. Seedall (dir.), The Handbook of Systemic Family Therapy (p.171-204). John Wiley & Sons.
- Nienhuis, J. B., Owen, J., Valentine, J. C., Winkeljohn Black, S., Halford, T. C., Parazak, S. E., Budge, S. et Hilsenroth, M. (2018). Therapeutic alliance, empathy, and genuineness in individual adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic review. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 593-605.
- OPPQ. (2017). Le psychoéducateur en milieu scolaire. Cadre de référence. https://ordrepsed.qc.ca/publications/la-psychoeducation-en-milieu-scolaire-cadre-de-reference-pdf/
- OPPQ. (2022). Les psychoéducateurs en déficience intellectuelle et en troubles du spectre de l’autisme. https://ordrepsed.qc.ca/publications/les-psychoeducateurs-en-deficience-intellectuelle-et-en-troubles-du-spectre-de-lautisme/
- Ormhaug, S. M., Shirk, S. R. et Wentzel-Larsen, T. (2015). Therapist and client perspectives on the alliance in the treatment of traumatized adolescents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1),1-10.
- Papalia, N., Dunne, A., Maharaj, N., Fortunato, E., Luebbers, S. et Ogloff, J. R. P. (2022). Determinants and outcomes of the therapeutic alliance in treating justice-involved youth: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 25(4), 658-680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-022-00407-2
- Paquette, G., Plourde, C. et Gagné, K. (2015). Au coeur de l’intervention de groupe : nouvelles pratiques psychoéducatives. Béliveau éditeur.
- Paradisopoulos, D., Pote, H., Fox, S. et Kaur, P. (2015). Developing a model of sustained change following multisystemic therapy: Young people’s perspectives. Journal of Family Therapy, 37(4), 471-491.
- Pinsof, W. M. (1994). An integrative systems perspective on the therapeutic alliance : Theorical, clinical and research implications. Dans A. O. Horvath et L. S. Greenberg (dir.), The working alliance theory, research and practice (p. 173-195). John Wiley and Sons.
- Potvin, P. (2016). L’alliance entre le savoir issu de la recherche et le savoir d’expérience: un regard sur le transfert de connaissances. Béliveau éditeur.
- Premont, J. (1986). Interventions psycho-éducatives au Carrefour. Perspectives psychiatriques, 4-5, 302-308.
- Puskas, D. (2009). Capteurs de rêves: rencontre d’accompagnement clinique psychoéducative. Béliveau éditeur.
- Puskas, D., Caouette, M., Dessureault, D. et Mailloux, C. (2012). L’accompagnement psychoéducatif: vécu partagé et partage du vécu. Béliveau éditeur.
- Renou, M. (2005). Psychoéducation : une conception, une méthode. Sciences et Culture.
- Renou, M. (2014). L’identité professionnelle des psychoéducateurs : une analyse, une conception, une histoire. Béliveau éditeur.
- Richelieu, G., Boulay, D., Brien, M., Lacourse, G., et Roy, A. (1994). Pour une conception clinique des rencontres d’accompagnement. Éditions du Centre d’orientation de Montréal.
- Roest, J., van der Helm, P., Strijbosch, E., van Brandenburg, M. et Stams, G. J. (2016). Measuring therapeutic alliance with children in residential treatment and therapeutic day care: A validation study of the Children’s Alliance Questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(2), 212-218.
- Roest, J. J., Welmers-Van de Poll, M. J., Van der Helm, G. P., Stams, G. J. J. et Hoeve, M. (2023). A meta-analysis on differences and associations between alliance ratings in child and adolescent psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 52(1), 55-73.
- Ross, E. C., Polaschek, D. L. L., et Ward, T. (2008). The therapeutic alliance: A theoretical revision for offender rehabilitation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(6), 462-480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.07.003
- Safran, J. D. et Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. Guilford Press.
- Safran, J. D. et Muran, J. C. (2006). Has the concept of the therapeutic alliance outlived its usefulness? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(3), 286.
- Schüle, M. O. (2012). Parents. Unipsed.net. http://www.unipsed.net/?p=1201
- Shattock, L., Berry, K., Degnan, A. et Edge, D. (2018). Therapeutic alliance in psychological therapy for people with schizophrenia and related psychoses: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 25(1), e60-e85. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2135
- Shelef, K. et Diamond, G. M. (2008). Short form of the revised Vanderbilt Therapeutic Alliance Scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Psychotherapy Research, 18(4), 433-443.
- Smallbone, S. W. et Dadds, M. R. (1998). Childhood attachment and adult attachment in incarcerated adult male sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(5), 555-573.
- Stiles, W. B., Honos-Webb, L. et Surko, M. (1998). Responsiveness in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5(4), 439-458.
- Stiles, W. B. (2013). The variables problem and progress in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 33-41.
- Stiles, W. B., Glick, M. J., Osatuke, K., Hardy, G. E., Shapiro, D. A., Agnew-Davies, R., Rees, A. et Barkham, M. (2004). Patterns of alliance development and the rupture-repair hypothesis: Are productive relationships U-shaped or V-shaped? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 81-92.
- Stiles, W. B., et Horvath, A. O. (2017). Appropriate responsiveness as a contribution to therapist effects. Dans G. Castonguay et C. E. Hill (dir.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects. (p. 71-84). American Psychological Association.
- Tremblay, L. (2000). La relation d’aide au quotidien : développer des compétences pour mieux aider. Editions Saint-Martin.
- Trotter, C. (2023). Working with involuntary clients: a guide to practice (4e éd.). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
- Wampold, B. E. (2007). Psychotherapy: The humanistic (and effective) treatment. American Psychologist, 62(8), 857-873.
- Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270-277.
- Wampold, B. E., Mondin, G. W., Moody, M., Stich, F., Benson, K. et Ahn, H.-N. (1997). A meta-analysis of outcome studies comparing bona fide psychotherapies: Empiricially, ‘‘all must have prizes.’’. Psychological bulletin, 122(3), 203-215.
- Ward, T., Gannon, T. A. et Fortune, C.-A. (2015). Restorative justice– informed moral acquaintance. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854814550026
- Welmers-van de Poll, M. J., Roest, J. J., van der Stouwe, T., van den Akker, A. L., Stams, G. J. J. M., Escudero, V., Overbeek, G. J. et de Swart, J. J. W. (2018). Alliance and treatment outcome in family-involved treatment for youth problems: A three-level meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 21(2), 146-170.
- Wolfe, B. E. et Goldfried, M. R. (1988). Research on psychotherapy integration: Recommendations and conclusions from an NIMH workshop. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 448-451.
- Zack, S. E., Castonguay, L. G. et Boswell, J. F. (2007). Youth working alliance: A core clinical construct in need of empirical maturity. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 15(6), 278-288.
10.7202/1061213ar