Abstracts
Résumé
La publication d’un article scientifique sur les effets néfastes d’un hybride de maïs transgénique exprimant une δ-endotoxine du Bacillus thuringiensis contre des larves du papillon monarque causait, il y a quelques années, une controverse sans précédent sur l’impact environnemental des caractères recombinants introduits au bagage génétique des cultures agricoles. Le présent article de synthèse, complémentaire à un article de ce même numéro abordant la migration des transgènes dans l’environnement (Michaud 2005), discute de l’impact des caractères recombinants encodés par les transgènes sur l’incidence et le développement des différents organismes vivants du milieu. L’impact des nouveaux caractères est d’abord considéré à l’échelle des écosystèmes, à la lumière des effets exercés par les pratiques agricoles courantes sur la diversité biologique au champ. L’impact de ces caractères est ensuite considéré en fonction des interactions spécifiques établies au champ ou en conditions de laboratoire entre la plante modifiée et une gamme d’espèces modèles incluant des ravageurs herbivores secondaires, des arthropodes prédateurs et différents organismes du sol.
Mots clés:
- Biodiversité,
- cultures transgéniques,
- impact environnemental,
- interactions multitrophiques,
- protéines recombinantes
Abstract
A scientific communication reporting the deleterious effects on monarch butterfly larvae of a transgenic corn hybrid expressing a Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin has caused, a few years ago, an unprecedented controversy on the environmental impact of recombinant traits introduced into the genome of agricultural crops. This review, complementing a review in this same issue on transgene migration in the environment (Michaud 2005), addresses the impact of these new traits on the development and survival of different non-target living organisms present in the environment. The impact of these new traits is first considered at the ecosystem level, in relation with the effects of current agricultural practices on field biodiversity. The impact of these traits is then considered in relation with the specific interactions established in the field or under laboratory conditions between the modified plant and a collection of model organisms including secondary herbivorous pests, predatory arthropods and different species of the soil community.
Keywords:
- Biodiversity,
- environmental impact,
- multitrophic interactions,
- recombinant proteins,
- transgenic crops
Appendices
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