Abstracts
Abstract
Although numerous past studies have examined the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm value, the findings have been inconsistent. This study examines how firm visibility, financial slack, and monitoring affected the relationship between CSR and firm value. We find that CSR performance and its three dimensions, that is, environmental, social, and governance—have positive effects on firm value. The results also show that under slack resources and strong corporate governance, the positive effect of CSR on firm value is strongly supported. These results suggest that managers should be aware that they can also attract shareholders’ interests in the stock market while addressing stakeholders’ concerns, especially when the firm has available financial slack and strong board monitoring.
Keywords:
- CSR,
- firm value,
- firm visibility,
- financial slack,
- corporate governance,
- monitoring
Résumé
Bien que de nombreuses études antérieures aient examiné la relation entre la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) et la valeur de l’entreprise, les conclusions ont été incohérentes. Cette étude examine comment la visibilité de l’entreprise, les ressources financières et la surveillance influent sur la relation entre la RSE et la valeur de l’entreprise. Nous constatons que la performance RSE et ses trois dimensions : environnementale, sociale et de gouvernance, ont des effets positifs sur la valeur de l’entreprise. Les résultats montrent également qu’en présence de ressources excédentaires et d’une gouvernance d’entreprise solide, l’effet positif de la RSE sur la valeur de l’entreprise est fortement soutenu. Ces résultats suggèrent que les dirigeants doivent à la fois prendre en compte les intérêts des actionnaires et répondre aux préoccupations des parties prenantes, surtout lorsque l’entreprise dispose de ressources financières disponibles et un conseil efficace.
Mots-clés :
- RSE,
- valeur de l’entreprise,
- visibilité de l’entreprise,
- ressources financières disponibles,
- gouvernance d’entreprise,
- surveillance
Resumen
Aunque muchos estudios anteriores han examinado la relación entre la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) y el valor de la empresa, las conclusiones son inconsistentes. Este estudio examina cómo la visibilidad de la empresa, los recursos financieros y la supervisión influyen en la relación entre la RSE y el valor de la empresa. Observamos que el rendimiento de la RSE y sus tres dimensiones: ambiental, social y de gobernanza, tienen efectos positivos en el valor de la empresa. Los resultados también muestran que en presencia de recursos excedentes y una sólida gobernanza corporativa, el efecto positivo de la RSE en el valor de la empresa está fuertemente respaldado. Estos hallazgos sugieren que los líderes deben tener en cuenta tanto los intereses de los accionistas como abordar las preocupaciones de las partes interesadas, especialmente cuando la empresa cuenta con recursos financieros disponibles y un consejo efectivo.
Palabras clave:
- RSC,
- valor de la empresa,
- visibilidad de la empresa,
- recursos financieros disponibles,
- gobernanza corporativa,
- supervisión
Appendices
Bibliography
- Aguilera, R. V., Williams, C. A., Conley, J. M., & Rupp, D. E. (2008). Corporate governance and social responsibility: A comparative analysis of the UK and the US, Corporate Governance: An International Review, 14(3), 147–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2006.00495.x
- Albuquerque, R., Koskinen, Y., & Zhang, C. (2019). Corporate social responsibility and firm risk: Theory and empirical evidence. Management Science, 65(10), 4451-4469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3043
- Al-Shammari, M. A., Banerjee, S. N., & Rasheed, A. A. (2022). Corporate social responsibility and firm performance: A theory of dual responsibility. Management Decision, 60(6), 1513-1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MD-12-2020-1584
- Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297968
- Arora, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (2011). Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR): The moderating roles of attainment discrepancy and organization slack. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(2), 136-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2010.00843.x
- Attig, N., El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., & Suh, J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and credit ratings, Journal of Business Ethics, 117, 679–694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1714-2
- Banerjee, R., Gupta, K., & Mudalige, P. (2020). Do environmentally sustainable practices lead to financially less constrained firms? International evidence. International Review of Financial Analysis, 68, 101337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2019.03.009
- Barnea, A., & Rubin, A. (2010). Corporate social responsibility as a conflict between shareholders, Journal of Business Ethics, 97(1), 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-010-0496-z
- Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
- Bebchuk, L., Cohen, A., & Ferrell, A. (2009). What matters in corporate governance?. The Review of Financial Studies, 22(2), 783-827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhn099
- Belo, F., Lin, X., & Vitorino, M. A. (2014). Brand Capital and firm value, Review of Economic Dynamics, 17(1), 150–169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.red.2013.05.001
- Berg, F., Koelbel, J. F., & Rigobon, R. (2022). Aggregate confusion: The divergence of ESG ratings. Review of Finance, 26(6), 1315-1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfac033
- Bode, C., Singh, J., & Rogan, M. (2015). Corporate social initiatives and employee retention. Organization science, 26(6), 1702-1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2015.1006
- Brammer, S., Brooks, C., & Pavelin, S. (2006). Corporate social performance and stock returns: UK evidence from disaggregate measures. Financial Management, 35(3), 97-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053X.2006.tb00149.x
- Buchanan, B., Cao, C. X., & Chen, C. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility, firm value, and influential institutional ownership, Journal of Corporate Finance, 52, 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.07.004
- Busch, T., & Friede, G. (2018). The robustness of the corporate social and financial performance relation: A second-order meta-analysis. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(4), 583-608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.1480
- Carroll, A. B. (1979). A three-dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/257850
- Chapple, L., Clarkson, P. M., & Gold, D. L. (2013). The cost of carbon: Capital market effects of the proposed emission trading scheme (ETS). Abacus, 49(1), 1-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/abac.12006
- Chang, Y. K., Oh, W. Y., Park, J. H. & Jang, M. G. (2017). Exploring the relationship between board characteristics and CSR: empirical evidence from Korea, Journal of Business Ethics, 140(2), 225-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2651-z
- Chen, Y., Zhong, Q., & Jiang, F. (2020). The capital market spillover effect of product market advertising: Evidence from stock price synchronicity. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 14, 1-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s11782-020-00078-2
- Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance, Strategic Management Journal, 35(1), 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2131
- Chih, H. L., Chih, H. H., & Chen, T. Y. (2010). On the determinants of corporate social responsibility: International evidence on the financial industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 115-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0186-x
- Choi, J. H., Kim, S., & Yang, D. H. (2018). Small and medium enterprises and the relation between social performance and financial performance: Empirical evidence from Korea. Sustainability, 10(6), 1816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061816
- Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., & Richardson, G. D. (2004). The market valuation of environmental capital expenditures by pulp and paper companies. The Accounting Review, 79(2), 329-353. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2004.79.2.329
- Clarkson, P. M., Li, Y., Richardson, G. D. & Vasvari, F. P. (2011). Does it really pay to be green? Determinants and consequences of proactive environmental strategies, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 30(2), 122-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2010.09.013
- Crisóstomo, V. L., de Souza Freire, F., & De Vasconcellos, F. C. (2011). Corporate social responsibility, firm value and financial performance in Brazil. Social Responsibility Journal, 7(2), 295-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17471111111141549
- Cui, J., Jo, H., & Na, H. (2016). Does corporate social responsibility affect information asymmetry? Journal of Business Ethics, 148(3), 549–572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-3003-8
- Daily, C. M., Dalton, D. R., & Cannella Jr, A. A. (2003). Corporate governance: Decades of dialogue and data. Academy of Management Review, 28(3), 371-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30040727
- Dowling, J., & Pfeffer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: Social values and organizational behavior. Pacific Sociological Review, 18(1), 122-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1388226
- Drucker, P. F. (1984). Converting social problems into business opportunities: The new meaning of corporate social responsibility. California Management Review (pre-1986), 26(000002), 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165066
- Duque-Grisales, E., & Aguilera-Caracuel, J. (2021). Environmental, social and governance (ESG) scores and financial performance of multilatinas: Moderating effects of geographic international diversification and financial slack. Journal of Business Ethics, 168(2), 315-334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04177-w
- Flammer, C. (2015). Does product market competition foster CSR? Evidence from trade liberalization, Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1469-1485. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2307
- Freeman R. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach, Pitman Publishing, Boston.
- Garay, U., & González, M. (2008). Corporate governance and firm value: The case of Venezuela. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 16(3), 194-209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2008.00680.x
- Ghoul, S. E., Guedhami, O., & Kim, Y. (2017). Country-level institutions, firm value, and the role of corporate social responsibility initiatives. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(3), 360-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2016.4
- Govindan, K., Kilic, M., Uyar, A., & Karaman, A. S. (2021). Drivers and value-relevance of CSR performance in the logistics sector: A cross-country firm-level investigation. International Journal of Production Economics, 231, 107835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2020.107835
- Hainmueller, J., & Xu, Y. (2013). Ebalance: A Stata package for entropy balancing. Journal of Statistical Software, 54(7). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v054.i07
- Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage Learning.
- Hamrouni, A., Uyar, A. & Boussaada, R. (2019). Are corporate social responsibility disclosures relevant for lenders? Empirical evidence from France. Management Decision, 58(2), 267-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2019-0757
- Harjoto, M. A., & Jo, H. (2011). Corporate governance and CSR nexus, Journal of Business Ethics, 100(1), 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0772-6
- Harjoto, M., & Laksmana, I. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility on risk taking and firm value. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(2), 353-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3202-y
- Jensen, M. C. (2002). Value maximization, stakeholder theory, and the corporate objective function, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 14(3), 8–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2001.tb00434.x
- Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H., (1976). Theory of the firm: managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305–360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
- Jacobs, B. W., Singhal, V. R., & Subramanian, R. (2010). An empirical investigation of environmental performance and the market value of the firm. Journal of Operations Management, 28(5), 430-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2010.01.001
- Jia, Y., Gao, X., & Billings, B. A. (2022). Corporate social responsibility and technological innovation. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 34(1), 163-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/JMAR-2020-048
- Jo, H., & Harjoto, M. A. (2011). Corporate governance and firm value: The impact of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(3), 351-383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0869-y
- Karmani, M., Kuzey, C., Uyar, A., & Karaman, A. S. (2023). Are CSR and advertising complements or substitutes in spurring firm visibility? Moderating effect of board diversity, CSR committees, and financial slack. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, in press, https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2601.
- Klapper, L. F., & Love, I. (2004). Corporate governance, investor protection, and performance in emerging markets. Journal of Corporate Finance, 10(5), 703-728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1199(03)00046-4
- Kuo, T. C., Chen, H. M., & Meng, H. M. (2021). Do corporate social responsibility practices improve financial performance? A case study of airline companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 310, 127380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127380
- Kuzey, C., Uyar, A., Nizaeva, M., & Karaman, A. S. (2021). CSR performance and firm performance in the tourism, healthcare, and financial sectors: Do metrics and CSR committees matter? Journal of Cleaner Production, 128802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128802
- Lakhal, F., Kuzey, C., Uyar, A., & Karaman, A. S. (2023). The relationship between dividend payout and corporate social responsibility: The moderating effect of shareholder friendliness and board monitoring. Journal of Cleaner Production, 394, 136297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136297
- Leuven, E., and Sianesi, B. (2003). PSMATCH2: Stata module to perform full Mahalanobis and propensity score matching, common support graphing, and covariate imbalance testing. Statistical Software Components S432001, Boston College Department of Economics.
- Li, F., Morris, T., & Young, B. (2019). The effect of corporate visibility on corporate social responsibility. Sustainability, 11(13), 3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133698
- Li, H., Terjesen, S., & Umans, T. (2020). Corporate governance in entrepreneurial firms: a systematic review and research agenda. Small Business Economics, 54(1), 43-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0118-1
- Lin, W. L., Ho, J. A., Ng, S. I., & Lee, C. (2019). Does corporate social responsibility lead to improved firm performance? The hidden role of financial slack. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(7), 957-982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-10-2018-0259
- Lin, W. L., Law, S. H., & Azman-Saini, W. N. W. (2020). Market differentiation threshold and the relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(3), 1279-1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.1883
- Lins, K., Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. (2017). Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis, The Journal of Finance, 72(4), 1785–1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12505
- Liu, X., Hou, W., & Main, B. G. (2022). Anti-market sentiment and corporate social responsibility: Evidence from anti-Jewish pogroms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 76, 102260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2022.102260
- Liu, Z., Li, W., Hao, C., & Liu, H. (2021). Corporate environmental performance and financing constraints: An empirical study in the Chinese context. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 28(2), 616-629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.2073
- Lloyd-Smith, P., & An, H. (2019). Are corporate social responsibility and advertising complements or substitutes in producing firm reputation? Applied Economics, 51(21), 2275–2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2018.1540858
- Lu, L. W. (2021). The moderating effect of corporate governance on the relationship between corporate sustainability performance and corporate financial performance. International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, 18(3), 193-206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41310-020-00099-6
- McWilliams, A., & Siegel, D. (2000). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: correlation or misspecification? Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 603-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200005)21: 5%3C603: : AID-SMJ101%3E3.0.CO;2-3
- Matsumura, E. M., Prakash, R., & Vera-Munoz, S. C. (2014). Firm-value effects of carbon emissions and carbon disclosures. The Accounting Review, 89(2), 695-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50629
- Mishina, Y., Pollack, T., & Porac, J. (2004). Are more resources always better for growth? Resource stickiness in product and market expansion, Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1179-1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.424
- Nekhili, M., Boukadhaba, A., & Nagati, H. (2021). The ESG–financial performance relationship: Does the type of employee board representation matter? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 29(2), 134-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/corg.12345
- Nirino, N., Battisti, E., Ferraris, A., Dell’Atti, S., & Briamonte, M. F. (2022). How and when corporate social performance reduces firm risk? The moderating role of corporate governance. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(6), 1995-2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.2296
- Nunn, N. (2007). Relationship-specificity, incomplete contracts, and the pattern of trade. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(2), 569-600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.2.569
- Oak, S., & Dalbor, M. C. (2010). Do institutional investors favor firms with greater brand equity? An empirical investigation of investments in US lodging firms. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(1), 24-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111011013453
- Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L. & Rynes, S. L. (2003). Corporate social and financial performance: a meta-analysis, Organization Studies, 24(3), 403-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840603024003910
- Osinga, E. C., Leeflang, P. S. H., Srinivasan, S., & Wieringa, J. E. (2010). Why do firms invest in consumer advertising with limited sales response? A shareholder perspective, Journal of Marketing, 75(1), 109–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jm.75.1.109
- Ozkan, A., Temiz, H., & Yildiz, Y. (2022). Climate Risk, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Firm Performance. British Journal of Management, in press, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12665
- Peloza, J. (2009). The challenge of measuring financial impacts from investments in corporate social performance. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1518-1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206309335188
- Pham, H. S. T., & Tran, H. T. (2020). CSR disclosure and firm performance: The mediating role of corporate reputation and moderating role of CEO integrity. Journal of Business Research, 120, 127-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.002
- Preston, L.E. & O’Bannon, D. (1997). The Corporate Social-Financial Performance Relationship, Business and Society, 36, 419-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000765039703600406
- Rafailov, D. (2017). Financial Slack and performance of Bulgarian firms, Journal of Finance and Bank Management, 5, 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/jfbm.v5n2a1
- Renneboog, L., Ter Horst, J., & Zhang, C. (2008). Socially responsible investments: institutional aspects, performance, and investor behavior, Journal of Banking and Finance, 32(9), 1723–1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2007.12.039
- Sar, A. K. (2018). Impact of corporate governance on sustainability: A study of the Indian FMCG industry. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(1), 1-10.
- Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5), 1045-1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1120.1630
- Shahzad, A. M., Mousa, F. T., & Sharfman, M. P. (2016). The implications of slack heterogeneity for the slack-resources and corporate social performance relationship. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5964-5971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.05.010
- Singh, A., Verma, S., & Shome, S. (2023). ESG-CFP relationship: exploring the moderating role of financial slack. International Journal of Emerging Markets. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2022-0536
- Sprinkle, G. B., & Maines, L. A. (2010). The benefits and costs of corporate social responsibility, Business Horizons, 53(5), 445–453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2010.05.006
- Su, W., & Sauerwald, S. (2018). Does corporate philanthropy increase firm value? The moderating role of corporate governance. Business & Society, 57(4), 599-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650315613961
- Suto, M., & Takehara, H. (2022). Employee-oriented corporate social responsibility, innovation, and firm value. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(4), 765-778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csr.2232
- Tan, J. & Peng, M. W. (2003). Organizational slack and firm performance during economic transitions: two studies from an emerging economy, Strategic Management Journal, 24(13), 1249-1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.351
- Tabassam, A. H., & Khan, S. (2021). Corporate governance and firm performance: exploring the mediating role of financial Slack. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 511-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i2.1793
- Xie, S., Lin, B., & Li, J. (2022). Political control, corporate governance and firm value: The case of China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 72, 102161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2022.102161
- Uyar, A., Abdelqader, M., & Kuzey, C. (2023). Liquidity and CSR: A chicken and egg story. Society and Business Review, 18(1), 124-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SBR-01-2022-0032
- Waddock, S.A. & Graves, S.B. (1997). The corporate social performance-financial performance link, Strategic Management Journal, 18(4), 303-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199704)18:4%3C303::AID-SMJ869%3E3.0.CO;2-G
- Wang, Q., Dou, J., & Jia, S. (2016). A meta-analytic review of corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance: The moderating effect of contextual factors. Business & Society, 55(8), 1083-1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650315584317
- West, D. C., Kover, A. J., & Caruana, A. (2008). Practitioner and customer views of advertising creativity: same concept, different meaning? Journal of Advertising, 37(4), 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367370403
- Wong, W. C., Batten, J. A., Mohamed-Arshad, S. B., Nordin, S., & Adzis, A. A. (2021). Does ESG certification add firm value? Finance Research Letters, 39, 101593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101593
- Wong, W.Y.C., Lai, K. H., Shang, K. C., & Lu, C. S. (2014). Uncovering the value of green advertising for environmental management practices. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(2), 117-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.1776
- Wu, W., Liu, Y., Chin, T., & Zhu, W. (2018). Will green CSR enhance innovation? A perspective of public visibility and firm transparency. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020268
- Yadav, P. L., Han, S. H., & Rho, J. J. (2016). Impact of environmental performance on firm value for sustainable investment: Evidence from large US firms. Business Strategy and the Environment, 25(6), 402-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.1883
- Yu, E. P. Y., Guo, C. Q., & Luu, B. V. (2018). Environmental, social and governance transparency and firm value. Business Strategy and the Environment, 27(7), 987-1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.2047
- Zhu, F. (2014). Corporate governance and the cost of capital: An international study. International Review of Finance, 14(3), 393-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/irfi.12034
