Abstracts
Abstract
One of the ways to address stress and burnout in the teaching profession is by paying attention to teacher well-being. Seligman (2011) argued that there are five pillars of emotional health: positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment, also known as the PERMA theory of well-being. This article details an action-research study that examined what PERMA-related practices, rhythms, and commitments teachers in British Columbia believed were the most influential in contributing to their overall wellness. Eight initial participants, who taught full-time, had at least three years of experience, and generally enjoyed their profession, were recruited from a public school and an independent school in British Columbia, Canada. Initial participants completed a quantitative well-being assessment known as the PERMA-Profiler, to identify a group of three teachers who would be appropriate for participation in the follow-up, qualitative, one-on-one interviews. Content analysis of teacher perspectives revealed an emphasis on the actions related to three key themes: the power of relationships, practicing gratitude through reflection, and intentionality surrounding time investment and allocation. This article concludes with implications for how to help teachers flourish, describing various practices, rhythms, and commitments that are beneficial for educators’ pursuits of emotional wellness.
Keywords:
- PERMA,
- Wellbeing,
- Early Career Teachers
Appendices
Bibliography
- Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(22), 147-154.
- Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2008). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367–409.
- Brennan, K. (2006). The managed teacher: Emotional labour, education, and technology. Educational Insights, 10(2), 55–65.
- Butler, J., & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48.
- Canadian Teachers’ Federation. (2003). Teacher supply and demand series: Volume III. CTF Economic and Member Services Bulletin (2003-3).
- Canadian Teachers’ Federation. (2004). Recruitment and retention of teachers: Why teachers entering the profession remain or leave. CTF Economic and Member Services Bulletin (2004-5), 1–20.
- Cann, R. F., Riedel-Prabhakar, R., & Powell, D. (2020). A model of positive school leadership to improve teacher wellbeing. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s41042-020-00045-5
- Chan, D. W. (2010). Teacher burnout revisited: Introducing positive intervention approaches based on gratitude and forgiveness. Educational Research Journal, 25(2), 165-186.
- Clandinin, D. J., Schaefer, L., Long, J. S., Steeves, P., McKenzie-Robblee, S., Pinnegar, E., Wnuk, S., & Downey, C. A. (2012). Early career teacher attrition: Problems, possibilities, potentials. Centre for Research for Teacher Education and Development, University of Alberta.
- Clark, R., & Antonelli, F. (2009). Why teachers leave: Results of an Ontario Survey 2006-2008. Ontario Teachers’ Federation.
- Cooperrider, D. L., & Whitney, D. (2007). Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change. In P. Holman & T. Devane (Eds.), The change handbook (pp. 245-261). Berrett-Koehler.
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage.
- Day, C., & Kington, A. (2008). Identity, well‐being and effectiveness: The emotional contexts of teaching. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 16(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681360701877743
- Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective wellbeing in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.
- Falecki, D., & Mann, E. (2021). Practical applications for building teacher wellbeing in education. In C. F. Mansfield (Ed.), Cultivating teacher resilience (182-191). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5963-1_11
- Farber, B. (2000). Introduction: Understanding and treating burnout in a changing culture. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 589–594.
- Farrell, T. S. C. (2012). Novice-service language teacher development: Bridging the gap between preservice and in-service education and development. TESOL Quarterly, 46(3), 435–449.
- FLGOV. (2022). Governor Ron DeSantis encourages veterans to apply for temporary teaching certificates. https://www.flgov.com/eog/news/press/2022/governor-ron-desantis-encourages-veterans-apply-temporary-teaching-certificates
- Froese-Germain, B. (2014). Work-life balance and the Canadian teaching profession. Canadian Teachers’ Federation.
- Gonzalez, L., Brown, M. S., & Slate, J. R. (2008). Teachers who left the teaching profession: A qualitative understanding. The Qualitative Report, 13(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2008.1601
- Guardino, C. A., & Fullerton, E. (2010). Changing behaviors by changing the classroom environment. Teaching Exceptional Children, 42(6), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005991004200601
- Harris, G. E. (2011). Individual stress management coursework in Canadian teacher preparation programs. Canadian Journal of Education, 34(4), 104–117.
- Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. In C. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 205-224). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-009
- Hobson, A. J., & Maxwell, B. (2017). Supporting and inhibiting the well‐being of early career secondary school teachers: Extending self‐determination theory. British Educational Research Journal, 43(1), 168-191.
- Howells, K. (2007). Practising gratitude to enhance teaching and learning. Education Connect, 1(8), 2-16.
- Howells, K. (2014). An exploration of the role of gratitude in enhancing teacher-student relationships. Teaching and Teacher Education, 42, 58-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.04.004
- Ingersoll, R. M. (2003). Is there really a teacher shortage? Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy, University of Washington.
- Karsenti, T., & Collin, S. (2013). Why are new teachers leaving the profession? Results of a Canada-wide survey. Education, 3(3), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.edu.20130303.01
- Kutsyuruba, B., Walker, K., Al Makhamreh, M., & Stroud Stasel, R. (2018). Attrition, retention, and development of early career teachers: Pan-Canadian narratives. In Education, 24(1), 43-71.
- Kutsyuruba, B., Walker, K. D., Stroud Stasel, R., & Al Makhamreh, M. (2019). Developing resilience and promoting well-being in early career teaching: Advice from the Canadian beginning teachers. Canadian Journal of Education, 42(1), 288-321.
- Kutsyuruba, B., Walker, K. D., Matheson, I., & Bosica, J. (2020). Understanding early career teachers’ needs: Findings from the pan-Canadian survey. Teacher Learning and Professional Development, 5(1), 15 – 36.
- Kyriacou, C., & Kunc, R. (2007). Beginning teachers’ expectations of teaching. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(8), 1246–1257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.06.002
- Little, S. (2022, September 7). BC teacher shortage has some districts looking for non-certified substitutes. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/9110433/teacher-shortage-bc/
- Lloyd, M. E. R., & Sullivan, A. (2012). Leaving the profession: The context behind one quality teacher’s professional burn out. Teacher Education Quarterly, 39(4), 139–162. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23479656
- Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.
- Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. Harper.
- MacIntyre, P. D., Ross, J., Talbot, K., Mercer, S., Gregersen, T., & Banga, C. A. (2019). Stressors, personality and wellbeing among language teachers. System, 82, 26-38.
- MacMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry. Pearson.
- McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127.
- Nelms, B. (2022, September 3). BC teachers’ union warns of possible staff shortages this school year. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/bctf-teachers-shortage-bc-1.6571191
- Richardson, G. E. (2002). The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 307–321.
- Roffey, S. (2008). Emotional literacy and the ecology of school wellbeing. Educational and Child Psychology, 25(2), 29-39.
- Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2011). The influence of affective teacher-student relationships on students' school engagement and achievement: A meta-analytic approach. Review of Educational Research, 81(4), 493-529.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realise your potential for lasting fulfillment. Atria.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Atria.
- Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61, 774–788.
- Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421.
- Sin, N. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: a practice-friendly meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20593
- Spilt, J. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., & Thijs, J. T. (2011). Teacher wellbeing: The importance of teacher-student relationships. Educational Psychology Review, 23, 457-477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9170-y
- Vesely, A., K., Saklofske, D., H., & Leschied, A. D. W. (2013). Teachers—the vital resource: The contribution of emotional intelligence to teacher efficacy and well-being. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 28(1), 71–89. doi:10.1177/0829573512468855
- Wang, H., & Hall, N. C. (2019). When “I care” is not enough: An interactional analysis of teacher values, value congruence, and well-being. Teaching and Teacher Education, 86, 102906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102906
- Weiland, A. (2020). Teacher well-being: Voices in the field. Teaching and Teacher Education, 99, 103250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103250
- Whisnant, E., Elliott, K., & Pynchon, S. (2005). A review of literature on beginning teacher induction. Center for Strengthening the Teaching Profession.

