Abstracts
Résumé
La transformation digitale des entreprises n’est plus une option dans le monde contemporain. La Covid-19 a apporté la démonstration flagrante du potentiel numérique dans tous les domaines d’activité économique et la prise de conscience que le retour au fonctionnement de l’« avant pandémie » est peu probable. Notre étude s’intéresse à des entreprises traditionnelles dont l’internationalisation constitue le levier principal de croissance. Nous cherchons à comprendre comment les réseaux sociaux numériques impactent leur processus d’internationalisation et peuvent constituer un moteur de leur développement. L’étude exploratoire longitudinale déployée auprès de PME traditionnelles françaises met en évidence le rôle clé des réseaux sociaux dans ce processus. Le recours à ces plateformes constitue un prérequis du développement international et conduit les entreprises à s’interroger sur leur identité numérique, sur les nouvelles compétences et sur le rôle pivot qu’elles pourraient jouer dans un écosystème d’affaires numérique. Dans la continuité des travaux de l’école d’Uppsala, nos résultats suggèrent une évolution du modèle d’Uppsala (Johanson et Vahlne, 2009) vers un modèle de développement à l’international hybride : traditionnel et numérique. Ce dernier met en exergue trois principaux mécanismes à effet accélérateur : le système de récompense, le principe de validation sociale et le fonctionnement selon la logique écosystémique des plateformes numériques. Enfin, nous présentons des recommandations managériales pour aider les PME à aborder ce virage stratégique.
Mots-clés :
- PME traditionnelles,
- Internationalisation,
- Business Network Model,
- Réseaux sociaux numériques,
- Plateformes numériques
Abstract
The digital transformation of companies is no longer an option in the contemporary world. Covid-19 has brought the flagrant demonstration of the digital potential in all areas of economic activity and the realization that a return to “pre-pandemic” functioning is unlikely. Our study focuses on traditional companies whose internationalization is the main lever for growth. We seek to understand how digital social networks impact their internationalization process and can be a driver of their development. The longitudinal exploratory study deployed with traditional French SMEs highlights the key role of social networks in this process. The use of these platforms is a prerequisite for international development and leads companies to question their digital identity, their new skills, and the pivotal role they could play in a digital business ecosystem. In the continuity of the work of the Uppsala school, our results suggest an evolution of the Uppsala Model (Johanson and Vahlne, 2009) towards a hybrid international development model: traditional and digital. The latter highlights three main mechanisms with an accelerating effect: the reward system, the principle of social validation, and operation according to the ecosystem logic of digital platforms. Finally, we present managerial recommendations to help SMEs address this strategic shift.
Keywords:
- Traditional SMEs,
- Internationalization,
- Business Network Model,
- Social networks,
- Digital platforms
Resumen
La transformación digital de las empresas ya no es una opción en el mundo contemporáneo. Covid-19 ha traído la demostración flagrante del potencial digital en todas las áreas de la actividad económica y la constatación de que es poco probable un retorno al funcionamiento «prepandemia». Nuestro estudio se centra en las empresas tradicionales cuya internacionalización es la principal palanca de crecimiento. Buscamos entender cómo las redes sociales digitales impactan en su proceso de internacionalización y pueden ser un motor de su desarrollo. El estudio exploratorio longitudinal desplegado con las PyME francesas tradicionales destaca el papel clave de las redes sociales en este proceso. El uso de estas plataformas es un requisito previo para el desarrollo internacional y lleva a las empresas a cuestionar su identidad digital, sus nuevas habilidades y el papel fundamental que podrían desempeñar en un ecosistema empresarial digital. En la continuidad del trabajo de la escuela de Uppsala, nuestros resultados sugieren una evolución del Modelo de Uppsala (Johanson y Vahlne, 2009) hacia un modelo de desarrollo internacional híbrido: tradicional y digital. Este último destaca tres mecanismos principales con efecto acelerador: el sistema de recompensas, el principio de validación social y el funcionamiento según la lógica del ecosistema de las plataformas digitales. Finalmente, presentamos recomendaciones de gestión para ayudar a las PyME a abordar este cambio estratégico.
Palabras clave:
- PyME tradicionales,
- Internacionalización,
- Modelo de red empresarial,
- Redes sociales digitales,
- Plataformas digitales
Appendices
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