Abstracts
Résumé
Dans le champ entrepreneurial, la recherche sur les incubateurs prend un poids sans cesse grandissant. Le rôle que ces structures sont censées jouer dans la réussite des entrepreneurs explique cet intérêt croissant du monde académique. Ce dernier s’intéresse tout particulièrement à la question de la performance des incubateurs. Ce questionnement est d’autant plus prégnant aujourd’hui que le contexte actuel est marqué par une limitation de la ressource publique qui amène à s’interroger avec davantage d’insistance sur l’efficacité de structures financées le plus souvent par des collectivités locales. Néanmoins, la recherche sur la performance des incubateurs n’a pour l’heure pas encore été en mesure de faire émerger un modèle de mesure pleinement satisfaisant. En effet, les premiers travaux ont eu trop tendance à appréhender la performance des incubateurs sous l’angle d’une seule perspective. Des travaux plus récents ont cependant montré que le balanced scorecard peut constituer un moyen de pallier ces limites grâce à une mesure équilibrée de la performance. C’est pourquoi cette contribution se propose d’identifier des dimensions et indicateurs permettant de mesurer la performance des incubateurs par le biais du balanced scorecard. À partir d’une étude quantitative, fondée sur un questionnaire en ligne auquel 109 responsables d’incubateur français ont répondu, ce sont 12 dimensions et 35 indicateurs de performance qui ont été validés. D’un point de vue théorique, cette validation empirique montre l’intérêt d’agréger les multiples dimensions de la performance des incubateurs au sein d’un même modèle de mesure. D’un point de vue managérial, les financeurs et les responsables d’incubateur se voient offrir un nouvel outil de mesure et de pilotage de la performance qui tient compte de toute la complexité de l’incubation.
Mots-clés :
- Incubateurs,
- Performance,
- Modèle de mesure,
- Indicateurs
Abstract
In the field of entrepreneurship studies, research on incubators is in full expansion. Scholars are increasingly interested in these structures because of their key role in entrepreneurial success, and they have particularly focused on the issue of evaluating incubator performance. Reliable tools for evaluation are a pressing need in today’s context of limited public resources, and local governments, which provide most of the funding, are thus all the more insistent on efficiency. Nevertheless, the research on this topic to date has not yet yielded an evaluation model that has been fully satisfactory. Our review of the literature indeed indicates that previous works have tended to assess incubator performance from a single perspective only. In contrast, we propose a new multidimensional model based on the balanced scorecard, which has a clear advantage over earlier models : the many facets of incubator performance can be evaluated to give a global picture of efficiency. In addition to presenting the model, however, we also empirically validate its utility through a quantitative study based on the responses of 109 French incubator managers to an online questionnaire. From a theoretical perspective, this empirical validation shows the interest of aggregating several performance indicators into a single evaluation model. From a management perspective, both funding sources and incubator managers have a new tool at their disposal for evaluating and guiding performance while taking into account the great complexity of the incubation process.
Keywords:
- Incubators,
- Performance,
- Evaluation model,
- Indicators
Resumen
En el área de la emprendeduría, el peso específico de la investigación sobre las incubadoras de empresas está en constante aumento. El papel que esas estructuras parecen desempeñar en el éxito de los emprendedores explica el creciente interés del mundo académico. Éste muestra un interés muy especial por la cuestión de la evaluación del desempeño de las incubadoras. Este cuestionamiento es tanto más acuciante hoy en día cuanto que el contexto actual está marcado por una limitación de los recursos públicos, lo cual conlleva interrogarse con mayor insistencia sobre la eficacia de estructuras financiadas muy a menudo por Entidades Locales. No obstante, la investigación en materia de evaluación del desempeño de las incubadoras no ha logrado por ahora la emergencia de un modelo de evaluación plenamente satisfactorio. Por medio de una revista de literatura, esta contribución muestra efectivamente que los trabajos precedentes han tenido una tendencia excesiva a enfocar el desempeño de las incubadoras desde el punto de vista de una única perspectiva Para subsanarlo, se propone un nuevo modelo de evaluación basado en el balanced scorecard. El interés de este modelo se fundamenta en su carácter multidimensional que permite valorar las múltiples facetas del desempeño de las incubadoras. Empero, esta contribución no se limita a proponer un nuevo modelo de evaluación. En efecto, permite asimismo validar empíricamente su pertinencia gracias a un estudio cuantitativo basado en un cuestionario on-line al que han respondido 109 responsables de incubadoras francesas. Desde un punto de vista teórico esta validación empírica muestra el interés que supone agregar las múltiples dimensiones del desempeño de las incubadoras dentro del mismo modelo de evaluación. Desde el punto de vista de la gerencia se ofrece a los financiadores y a los responsables de incubadoras una nueva herramienta de evaluación y de pilotaje del desempeño que tiene en cuenta toda la complejidad de la incubación.
Palabras clave:
- Incubadoras,
- Desempeño,
- Modelo de evaluación,
- Indicadores
Appendices
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