Abstracts
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy (social, emotional, and academic) in the relationship between helicopter parenting and social media addiction (SMA) among Turkish adolescents. Previous studies examining the influences of helicopter parenting behaviors on mental health mostly studied college-age children and were conducted in Western cultures, while the current study focused on the association of helicopter parenting with the mental health of younger children and was conducted an Eastern country (Türkiye). The participants consisted of 326 adolescents (212 girls and 114 boys) who had at least one social media account. Data were collected through the Helicopter Parent Attitude Scale, the Self-Efficacy Scale for Children, the Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents, and a demographic information form. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and regression-based bootstrapping techniques. The results show that both maternal and paternal helicopter parenting had significant and direct positive associations with SMA. Emotional and academic self-efficacy had significant and direct associations with SMA, while social self-efficacy did not show such an association. In addition, it was found that the mediating effects of self–efficacy (social, emotional, and academic) in relations between helicopter parenting and SMA were not significant.
Keywords:
- social media addiction,
- helicopter parenting,
- self-efficacy,
- Turkish adolescents
Appendices
Bibliography
- Acar, I. H., Avcılar, G., Yazıcı, G., & Bostancı, S. (2022). The roles of adolescents’ emotional problems and social media addiction on their self-esteem. Current Psychology, 41(10), 6838–6847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01174-5
- Ahmed, O., Siddiqua, S. J. N., Alam, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021). The mediating role of problematic social media use in the relationship between social avoidance/distress and self-esteem. Technology in Society, 64, Article 101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101485
- Akçay Bekiroğlu, H., & Şahin, E. (2022). Kişisel beceriler, kişilerarasi beceriler ve genel ruh durumu ile sosyal medya bağimliliği ilişkisinin üniversite öğrencileri örnekleminde analizi [The analysis on undergraduate students of relationships between social media addiction and intrapersonal skills, interpersonal skills, and general mood]. Öneri Journal, 17(58), 691–720. https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1078185
- Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., & Pallesen, S. (2014). Predictors of use of social network sites at work: A specific type of cyberloafing. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(4), 906–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12085
- Ashton-James, C. E., Kushlev, K., & Dunn, E. W. (2013). Parents reap what they sow: Child-centrism and parental well-being. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(6), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613479804
- Aune, T., Juul, E. M. L., Beidel, D. C., Nordahl, H. M., & Dvorak, R. D. (2021). Mitigating adolescent social anxiety symptoms: The effects of social support and social self-efficacy in findings from the Young-HUNT 3 study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 441–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01529-0
- Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall.
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
- Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Multifaceted impact of self‐efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development, 67(3), 1206–1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01791.x
- Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Gerbino, M., & Pastorelli, C. (2003). Role of affective self‐regulatory efficacy in diverse spheres of psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 74(3), 769–782. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00567
- Bingöl, Ö. Ş., & Çolak, M. (2023). Social media addiction in adolescents and it’s relationship with psychopathology. Turkish Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 30(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.4274/tjcamh.galenos.2021.46320
- Boer, M., van den Eijnden, R. J., Boniel-Nissim, M., Wong, S.-L., Inchley, J. C., Badura, P., Craig, W. M., Gobina, I., Kleszczewska, D., Klanšček, H. J., & Stevens, G. W. J. M. (2020). Adolescents’ intense and problematic social media use and their well-being in 29 countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 66(6), S89–S99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.014
- Bradley-Geist, J. C., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (2014). Helicopter parents: An examination of the correlates of over-parenting of college students. Education + Training, 56(4), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-10-2012-0096
- Buchanan, T., & LeMoyne, T. (2020). Helicopter parenting and the moderating impact of gender and single-parent family structure on self-efficacy and well-being. The Family Journal, 28(3), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720925829
- Bütün Ayhan, A., & Şimşek, Ş. (2017). An examination of the protective factors internet addiction in adolescents. In Irina Koleva & Gökhan Duran (Eds.), Educational research and practice (pp. 467–475). St. Kliment Ohridski University Press.
- Calandri, E., Graziano, F., & Rollé, L. (2021). Social media, depressive symptoms and well-being in early adolescence. The moderating role of emotional self-efficacy and gender. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 660740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660740
- Caner, N., Efe, Y. S., & Başdaş, Ö. (2022). The contribution of social media addiction to adolescent life: Social appearance anxiety. Current Psychology, 41(12), 8424–8433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03280-y
- Caprara, G. V., Gerbino, M., Paciello, M., Di Giunta, L., & Pastorelli, C. (2010). Counteracting depression and delinquency in late adolescence. European Psychologist, 15(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000004
- Casale, S., Rugai, L., & Fioravanti, G. (2018). Exploring the role of positive metacognitions in explaining the association between the fear of missing out and social media addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 85, 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.020
- Ching, B. H.-H., Li, Y. H., & Chen, T. T. (2022). Helicopter parenting contributes to school burnout via self-control in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Current Psychology, 42, 29699–29711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04011-z
- Cicognani, E. (2011). Coping strategies with minor stressors in adolescence: Relationships with social support, self‐efficacy, and psychological well‐being. Journal of Applied social psychology, 41(3), 559–578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00726.x
- Cline, F., & Fay, J. (1990). Parenting with love and logic: Teaching children responsibility. Pinon Press.
- Coomes, M. D., & DeBard, R. (Eds.). (2004). Serving the millennial generation: New directions for student services. Jossey-Bass.
- Cook, E. C. (2020). Understanding the associations between helicopter parenting and emerging adults’ adjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 1899–1913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01716-2
- Çömlekçi, M. F., & Başol, O. (2019). Gençlerin sosyal medya kullanim amaçlari ile sosyal medya bağimliliği ilişkisinin incelenmesi [Analysis of relationship between youths’ social media usage motives and social media addiction]. Manisa Celal Bayar University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(4), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.525652
- Darlow, V., Norvilitis, J. M., & Schuetze, P. (2017). The relationship between helicopter parenting and adjustment to college. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26, 2291–2298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0751-3
- Dogan, U. (2015). Student engagement, academic self-efficacy, and academic motivation as predictors of academic performance. The Anthropologist, 20(3), 553–561.
- Eggen, P. D., & Kauchak, D. P. (1999). Educational psychology: Windows on classrooms. Prentice-Hall.
- Eldeleklioğlu, J., & Vural-Batık, M. (2013). Predictive effects of academic achievement, internet use duration, loneliness, and shyness on internet addiction. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Journal of Education, 28(1), 141–152.
- Gagnon, R. J., Garst, B. A., & Heffington, L. E. (2023). Developmental differences in reported overparenting, autonomy, and glucose monitoring within a medical specialty camp context. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 41(2), 458–479 https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075231173459
- Galloway, A. (2005). Non-probability sampling. In Kimberly- Kempf-Leonard (Eds). Encyclopedia of social measurement (Vol. 2; pp. 859–864). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369398-5/00382-0
- Ganaprakasam, C., Humayra, S., Ganasegaran, K., Asyraf, H., & Armathlingam, S. (2023). Anxious child: The association between helicopter parenting and anxiety among primary school students in Kedah, Malaysia. Jurnal Psikologi Malaysia, 37(1), 84–99.
- Gioia, F., Rega, V., & Boursier, V. (2021). Problematic internet use and emotional dysregulation among young people: A literature review. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 18(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.36131/cnfioritieditore20210104
- Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
- Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Facebook addiction: Concerns, criticism, and recommendations — A response to Andreassen and colleagues. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 518–520. https://doi.org/10.2466/01.07.18.PR0.110.2.518-520
- Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2017). Adolescent social media addiction (revisited). Education and Health, 35(3), 49–52.
- Güner, T. A., Demir, İ., & Erdem, S. (2022). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sosyal medya bağimliliği ile akademik öz yeterlik ve yalnizlik arasindaki ilişki ve etkileyen faktörler [The relationship between social media addiction, academic self-efficacy and loneliness in university students and the affecting factors]. Journal of Higher Education and Science, 12(3), 508–518. https://doi.org/10.5961/higheredusci.1139247
- Haand, R., & Shuwang, Z. (2020). The relationship between social media addiction and depression: A quantitative study among university students in Khost, Afghanistan. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25(1), 780–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2020.1741407
- Hessler, D. M., & Fainsilber Katz, L. (2010). Brief report: Associations between emotional competence and adolescent risky behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 33(1), 241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.007
- Hirsch, D., & Goldberger, E. (2010). Hovering practices in and outside the classroom. About Campus, 14(6), 30–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/abc.20007
- Hong, P., & Cui, M. (2020). Helicopter parenting and college students’ psychological maladjustment: The role of self-control and living arrangement. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 338–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01541-2
- Høigaard, R., Kovač, V. B., Øverby, N. C., & Haugen, T. (2015). Academic self-efficacy mediates the effects of school psychological climate on academic achievement. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000056
- Hwang, W., Fu, X., Kim, S., Jung, E., & Zhang, Y. (2023). A multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting and college students’ game and social media addictive behaviors: A cross-cultural study in South Korea and China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1022914. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022914
- Hwang, W., Jung, E., Fu, X., Zhang, Y., Ko, K., Lee, S.-A., Lee, Y. M., Lee, S., You, H.-K., & Kang, Y. (2022). Typologies of helicopter parenting in American and Chinese young-adults’ game and social media addictive behaviors. Journal of Child and Family
- Studies, 31(4), 1030-1044. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-02213-w
- Jeong, E. J., & Kim, D. H. (2011). Social activities, self-efficacy, game attitudes, and game addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(4), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0289
- Kaur, S. (2018). Gender differences and relationship between internet addiction and perceived social self-efficacy among adolescents. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 9(1), 106–109.
- Kaygas, Y., Mehmet, Ş. A. M., Doğan, Y. B., Ağaoğlu, C. Y., Sonkur, A., & Durmuş, E. E. (2023). Ergenlerde sosyal medya bağimliliğinin yordayicilari olarak sosyal kaygi ve öz yeterlik [Social anxiety and self efficacy as predictors of social media addiction in adolescents]. Journal of Dependence, 24(4), 461–474. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1230295
- Kocaaslan, E. N., Akgün Kostak, M., Özdilek, S., & Topçu, N. (2021). Hemşirelik bölümü öğrencilerinin internet bağimliliği ve akademik öz yeterlilik düzeyleri [Internet addiction and academic self-efficacy levels of nursing students]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Nursing Sciences, 13(3), 493–501.
- Kokkinos, C. M., Panagopoulou, P., Tsolakidou, I., & Tzeliou, E. (2015). Coping with bullying and victimisation among preadolescents: The moderating effects of self-efficacy. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 20(2), 205–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2014.955677
- Koo, H. J., & Kwon, J.-H. (2014). Risk and protective factors of internet addiction: A meta-analysis of empirical studies in Korea. Yonsei Medical Journal, 55(6), 1691–1711. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.1691
- Kormas, G., Critselis, E., Janikian, M., Kafetzis, D., & Tsitsika, A. (2011). Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 11, Article 595. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-595
- Kömürcü-Akik, B., & Alsancak-Akbulut, C. (2023). Assessing the psychometric properties of mother and father forms of the helicopter parenting behaviors questionnaire in a Turkish sample. Current Psychology, 42, 2980–2992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01652-4
- Kroger, J. (2004). Identity in adolescence: The balance between self and other (3rd ed.). Routledge.
- Laursen, B., & Collins, W. A. (2009). Parent-child relationships during adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology: Contextual influences on adolescent development (3rd ed., pp. 3–42). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy002002
- Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults’ psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent–child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3672–3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2
- LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038
- Leung, J. T. (2020). Too much of a good thing: Perceived overparenting and wellbeing of Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1791–1809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09720-0
- Lin, C., & Rahim, M. Z. A. (2020). The impact of helicopter parenting on mental health through self-efficacy among university students. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(4), 952-960. https://doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.149
- Liu, H., Dou, K., Yu, C., Nie, Y., & Zheng, X. (2021). The relationship between peer attachment and aggressive behavior among Chinese adolescents: The mediating effect of regulatory emotional self-efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), Article 7123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137123
- Longobardi, C., Settanni, M., Fabris, M. A., & Marengo, D. (2020). Follow or be followed: Exploring the links between Instagram popularity, social media addiction, cyber victimization, and subjective happiness in Italian adolescents. Children and Youth Services Review, 113, Article 104955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104955
- Love, H., Cui, M., Allen, J. W., Fincham, F. D., & May, R. W. (2020). Helicopter parenting and female university students’ anxiety: Does parents’ gender matter?. Families, Relationships and Societies, 9(3), 417–430. https://doi.org/10.1332/204674319X15653625640669
- Love, H., May, R. W., Shafer, J., Fincham, F. D., & Cui, M. (2022). Overparenting, emotion dysregulation, and problematic internet use among female emerging adults. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 79, Article 101376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101376
- Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries. International Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 80–89.
- MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542.
- Marino, C., Gini, G., Angelini, F., Vieno, A., & Spada, M. M. (2020). Social norms and e-motions in problematic social media use among adolescents. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, Article 100250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2020.100250
- Matsushima, R., & Shiomi, K. (2003). Social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 31(4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.4.323
- McKinney, C., & Kwan, J. W. (2018). Emerging adult perceptions of and preferences for parenting styles and associated psychological outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 39(9), 2491–2504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18756928
- Melodia, F., Canale, N., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). The role of avoidance coping and escape motives in problematic online gaming: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 996–1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00422-w
- Ministry of National Education. (2024). Araştırma uygulama izinleri [Research application permits circular]. Access Address (17.12.2024): https://trabzonarge.meb.gov.tr/meb_iys_dosyalar/2024_06/25155542_2024_41_genelge_arastirmauygulamaizinleri.pdf
- Muris, P. (2001). A brief questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010961119608
- Muris, P. (2002). Relationships between self-efficacy and symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression in a normal adolescent sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00027-7
- Murtezaoğlu, Ç., & Çıkrıkcı, Ö. (2022). Ergenlerde mutluluk, öz-yeterlik, akran ilişkileri ve sosyal onay ihtiyaci arasindaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi [Examination of the associations of happiness, self-efficacy, peer relationships and the need for social approval among adolescents]. Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty, 24(3), 483-498. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.1103962
- Odacı, H. (2013). Risk-taking behavior and academic self-efficacy as variables accounting for problematic internet use in adolescent university students. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(1), 183–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.09.011
- O’Day, E. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021). Social media use, social anxiety, and loneliness: A systematic review. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, Article 100070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100070
- Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
- Özaltın, E., Söyler, H. Ç., & Günay, E. (2022). Ortaokul öğrencilerinde akilli telefon bağimliliği, algilanan anne baba tutumu, sosyal dişlanma ve akademik özyeterlilik [Smartphone addiction, perceived parental attitude, social exclusion and academic self-efficacy in secondary school students]. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 5(8), 1093–1109. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2022.1047
- Özgenel, M., Canpolat, Ö., & Ekşi, H. (2019). Ergenler için Sosyal Medya Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (ESMBÖ): Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi [Social Media Addiction Scale for adolescents: Validity and reliability study]. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6(3), 631–664. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0086
- Parto, M., & Besharat, M. A. (2011). The direct and indirect effects of self-efficacy and problem solving on mental health in adolescents: Assessing the role of coping strategies as mediating mechanism. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 639–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.124
- Perez, C. M., Nicholson, B. C., Dahlen, E. R., & Leuty, M. E. (2020). Overparenting and emerging adults’ mental health: The mediating role of emotional distress tolerance. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01603-5
- Preacher, K. J. & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
- Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants part 2: Do they really think differently? On the Horizon 9(6), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1108/10748120110424843
- Reed, K., Duncan, J. M., Lucier-Greer, M., Fixelle, C., & Ferraro, A. J. (2016). Helicopter parenting and emerging adult self-efficacy: Implications for mental and physical health. Journal of Child and family Studies, 25, 3136–3149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0466-x
- Reid, G. G., & Boyer, W. (2013). Social network sites and young adolescent identity development. Childhood Education, 89(4), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2013.815554
- Reitz, A. (2012). Social media’s function in organizations: A functional analysis approach. Global Media Journal, 5(2), 41–56. https://epe.bac-lac.gc.ca/100/201/300/global_media_journal/v05n01/1202/v5i2_reitz.pdf
- Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058
- Segrin, C., Woszidlo, A., Givertz, M., Bauer, A., & Taylor Murphy, M. (2012). The association between overparenting, parent‐child communication, and entitlement and adaptive traits in adult children. Family Relations, 61(2), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2011.00689.x
- Segrin, C., Jiao, J., & Wang, J. (2022). Indirect effects of overparenting and family communication patterns on mental health of emerging adults in China and the United States. Journal of Adult Development, 29, 205–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09397-5
- Schunk, D. H. (2003). Self-efficacy for reading and writing: Influence of modeling, goal setting, and self-evaluation. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 19(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573560308219
- Selwyn, N. (2007, October 16–17). Web 2.0 applications as alternative environments for informal learning-a critical review. [Paper presentation]. CERI-KERIS International Expert Meeting on ICT and Educational Performance, Jeju National University, South Korea.
- Steinberg, L. (2022). Adolescence (13th ed.). McGraw Hill.
- Suveg, C., & Zeman, J. (2004). Emotion regulation in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(4), 750–759. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3304_10
- Sümen, A., & Evgin, D. (2021). Social media addiction in high school students: A cross-sectional study examining its relationship with sleep quality and psychological problems. Child Indicators Research, 14(6), 2265–2283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09838-9
- Süsen, Y., Pak, H., & Çevik, E. (2022). Helicopter parenting, self-control, and problematic online gaming in emerging adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology Research, 6(3), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.5455/kpd.26024438m000070
- Şimşir Gökalp, Z. (2022). Examining the relationships between helicopter parenting, self-control, self-efficacy, and multi-screen addiction among Turkish emerging adults. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 184(4), 229–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2022.2151336
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2015). Using multivariate statistics. (Trans. Ed. Mustafa Baloğlu). Nobel Academic Publishing.
- Tarafdar, M., Maier, C., Laumer, S., & Weitzel, T. (2020). Explaining the link between technostress and technology addiction for social networking sites: A study of distraction as a coping behavior. Information Systems Journal, 30(1), 96–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12253
- Telef, B. B., & Karaca, R. (2012). Çocuklar için öz-yeterlik ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi [The self-efficacy scale for children; A validity and reliability study]. Dokuz Eylül University Buca Education Faculty Journal, 32, 169–187.
- Tsitsika, A. K., Tzavela, E. C., Janikian, M., Ólafsson, K., Iordache, A., Schoenmakers, T. M., Tzavara, C., & Richardson, C. (2014). Online social networking in adolescence: Patterns of use in six European countries and links with psychosocial functioning. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(1), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.010
- Tunc-Aksan, A., & Akbay, S. E. (2019). Smartphone addiction, fear of missing out, and perceived competence as predictors of social media addiction of adolescents. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(2), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.2.559
- Turkish Statistical Institute [TUIK]. (2024). Çocuklarda bilişim teknolojileri kullanim araştirmasi [Information technology usage research in children; Report] Access Address (16.12.2024): https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2024-53638
- van Ingen, D. J., Freiheit, S. R., Steinfeldt, J. A., Moore, L. L., Wimer, D. J., Knutt, A. D., Scapinello, S., & Roberts, A. (2015). Helicopter parenting: The effect of an overbearing caregiving style on peer attachment and self‐efficacy. Journal of College Counseling, 18(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2015.00065.x
- Wang, H., Zhou, X. Lu, C., Wu, J., Deng, X., & Hong, L. (2011). Problematic internet use in high school students in Guangdong province, China. Plos One, 6(5), Article 19660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019660
- Wang, Y., Zhu, X., & Zhang, L. (2020, March 13–14). The double mediators of attention concentration and interpersonal self-efficacy in middle school students’ internet addiction and overuse of social networks. In the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020; pp. 1261–1267). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200316.275
- Watson, J. C., Prosek, E. A., & Giordano, A. L. (2022). Distress among adolescents: An exploration of mattering, social media addiction, and school connectedness. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 40(1), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/07342829211050536
- We Are Social. (2023). Digital 2023: Global overview report. Access Address (05.04.2023): https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report
- Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 602–614. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.4.602
- Wolfers, L. N., & Utz, S. (2022). Social media use, stress, and coping. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, Article 101305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101305
- Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2016). #Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
- Yılmaz, H. (2019). İyi ebeveyn, çocuğu için her zaman her şeyi yapan ebeveyn değildir: Algılanan Helikopter Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (AHETÖ) geliştirme çalışması [A good parent isn’t always the parent who does everything, every time for his/her child: A study to develop Helicopter Parent Attitude/s Scale (HPAS)]. Journal of Early Childhood Studies, 3(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.24130/eccd-jecs.1967201931114
- Yu, S., Wu, A. M. S., & Pesigan, I. J. A. (2016). Cognitive and psychosocial health risk factors of social networking addiction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 550–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9612-8
- Zhao, N., & Zhou, G. (2021). COVID-19 stress and addictive social media use (SMU): Mediating role of active use and social media flow. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 635546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635546
- Zhang, R., Zhang, H., Guo, X., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., & Feng, L. (2022). Relationship between helicopter parenting and Chinese elementary school child procrastination: A mediated moderation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), Article 14892. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214892