Abstracts
Abstract
Since its inception in 1993, the Forest Stewardship Council certification scheme to assess the quality of responsible forest stewardship has aimed to certify both industrial-scale and smallholder forests. This article considers variations in FSC smallholder certification: single or group; Small and Low Intensity Managed Forests (SLIMF); and both company- and community-managed community forests in Global North and South countries. The classification of smallholders, as “subsistence surplus” or “sell-to-survive,” as proposed by the political ecologist Jason Moore, is also applied. Global North smallholders account for two-thirds of smallholder certified area and, in general, are able to meet the costs of FSC certification because of the demand for certified timber, their better socio-economic circumstances, a greater degree of group organization, and, in some cases, access to state subsidies. They are also more likely to be price-makers. Global South forests both house more of the planet’s remaining biodiversity and are more vulnerable to degradation. Economic and social realities dictate that global South smallholders are largely constrained by having to sell their timber to survive and fall in the price-takers category. In the absence of subsidies, price premiums, or a secure value chain, they are unable to afford renewal of FSC certification. The article concludes with an assessment of some realistic options for smallholder forestry certification.
Keywords:
- Forest Stewardship Council,
- smallholder forestry,
- community forests,
- forest certification,
- price takers,
- price makers
Résumé
Depuis sa création en 1993, le système de certification du Forest Stewardship Council visant à évaluer la qualité de la gestion responsable des forêts a pour but de certifier les forêts à l’échelle industrielle et les forêts des petits exploitants. Cet article examine les différents modèles de certification FSC des petits exploitants : la certification individuelle ou de groupe ; la certification SLIMF pour les petites forêts ou les forêts gérées à faible intensité ; et la certification des forêts communautaires gérées à la fois par des entreprises et des communautés dans les pays du Nord et du Sud. La classification des petits exploitants, comme « surplus de subsistance » ou « vendre pour survivre », telle que proposée par l’écologiste politique Jason Moore, est également appliquée. Les petits exploitants du Nord représentent les deux tiers de la superficie certifiée des petits exploitants et, en général, sont en mesure de faire face aux coûts de la certification FSC en raison de la demande de bois certifié, de leur meilleure situation socio-économique, d’un plus grand degré d’organisation du groupe et, dans certains cas, de l’accès aux subventions de l’État. Ils sont également plus susceptibles d’être des fixeurs de prix. Les forêts du Sud abritent une plus grande partie de la biodiversité restante de la planète et sont plus vulnérables à la dégradation. Les réalités économiques et sociales font que les petits exploitants des pays du Sud sont largement limités par le fait qu’ils doivent vendre leur bois pour survivre et se retrouvent donc dans la catégorie des preneurs de prix. En l’absence de subventions, de primes de prix ou d’une chaîne de valeur sûre, ils n’ont pas les moyens de renouveler leur certification FSC. L’article se termine par une évaluation de quelques options réalistes pour la certification des petits exploitants forestiers.
Mots-clés :
- Forest Stewardship Council,
- petites exploitations forestières,
- forêts communautaires,
- certification forestière,
- preneurs de prix,
- fixeurs de prix
Appendices
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