Abstracts
Résumé
Cet article traite de l’empêchement des leaders des quartiers de la ville de Duque de Caxias (DdC) dans l’État de Rio de Janeiro (900 000 habitants), dans la région déshéritée de la Baxaida Fluminense. Le secteur de l’eau n’est pas déserté par les leaders locaux de DdC, dont le militantisme est ancien et structuré. Cependant, ceux-ci n’accèdent pas aux espaces décisionnels et leur présence dans les arènes participatives est faible ou non pérenne. Les leaders de DdC y sont empêchés, voire invisibles. L’hypothèse soutenue est que, pour comprendre cette situation, il faut reconstruire les liens entre les types de participation et les dynamiques de pouvoir dans le policy process. Les pratiques participatives au policy process dépendraient de trois variables explicatives : les coalitions de politiques publiques et leurs causes, la gouvernance multi-niveaux, et les capacités politiques des protagonistes. Le premier temps de l’article présente l’intérêt heuristique du modèle qui articule ces trois approches. Le second temps présente les caractéristiques de la gestion de l’eau à DdC : la dépendance à « la production de l’eau » (système hydroélectrique Guandu), mais en même temps la défaillance des infrastructures, ainsi qu’une gouvernance multi-niveaux fragmentée et sans coordination qui exclut les leaders locaux des espaces décisionnels. Les troisième et quatrième temps analysent le clivage entre deux coalitions. La coalition technico-politique (CTP) cumule les capacités politiques (accès aux espaces décisionnels, technicités, opérationnalités) et monopolise l’accès aux ressources de l’État fédéré. À l’inverse, la coalition militante-hygiéniste-environnementaliste (CMHE) et ses leaders locaux détiennent des capacités politiques de représentation et de mobilisation sociales, mais sont dépourvus de capacités d’accès aux espaces décisionnels. Enfin, un cinquième temps décrit l’invisibilité des leaders locaux dans les arènes participatives.
Mots-clés :
- leadership local,
- participation,
- policy process,
- coalition de politiques publiques,
- gouvernance multi-niveaux,
- capacités
Abstract
This paper deals with the preclusion of local leaders of Duque de Caxias’s (DdC) deprived neighborhoods (a 900.000 inhabitants city), in the state of Rio de Janeiro, in the Baxaida Fluminense desavantage area. Water sector is not abandoned by DdC’s local leaders which activism is ancient and structured. However, they have no access to decision-making spaces and their presence in participatory arenas is weak or unsustainable. DdC leaders are prevented from doing so, if not invisible. The hypothesis defended here to understand this situation is that analysis must reshape the links between participation types and power dynamics in the policy process. Participative practices would then depend from three explanatory variables: policy coalitions and their advocacy, multi-level governance and, political capacity of protagonists. The first part of the article presents the heuristic interest of the model that articulates these three approaches. The second part presents the characteristics of water management in DdC: dependence on "water production" (Guandu hydroelectric system), but at the same time infrastructure failure, as well as fragmented and uncoordinated multi-level governance that excludes local leaders from decision-making spaces. The third and fourth parts analyse the cleavage between two coalitions. The technical-political coalition (CTP) combines political capacities (access to decision-making spaces, technicalities, operationalities) and monopolizes access state resources. Conversely, the activist-hygienist-environmentalist coalition (CMHE) and its local leaders have political capacities for social representation and mobilization but lack the capacity to access decision-making spaces. Finally, a fifth part describes the invisibility of local leaders in participatory arenas.
Keywords:
- localleadership local,
- participation,
- policy process,
- policy coalitions,
- multi-level,
- capacity
Appendices
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