Abstracts
Abstract
Public-private partnerships (P3s) encompass a broad range of commercial and financial activity involving state engagement of for-profit firms to either provide or partially finance publicly prescribed services through long-term contracts. Following Marx’s analysis of commodities, P3s can also be understood as a fetish - objects considered valuable because of the imaginary social relations that they imply as opposed to their usefulness. In this case, it refers to the transformation of instruments for meeting public obligations into some form or another of private property. It must be acknowledged that states have long employed P3 arrangements to provide instruments needed to meet their obligations. However, the scope of activities which governments are willing to consider open to P3s has grown to unprecedented levels. So eager are states to do deals and so prominent are such deals in their financial rhetoric, that P3s can now also be considered a fetish in the second sense of the word : Some thing or some activity that people have an irrational desire to have or to do. Most political-economy studies of P3s have focused on this rhetoric. They are attempting to understand the trend by relating this fetish to the political ideological agenda of neoliberalism. While valuable, this concentration has caused an equally critical question to be neglected. Why would investors want to take part in P3s ? The paper argues that to understand the P3 fetish we have to consider the dilemma facing pension fund managers during the late 1990s. An imbalance in supply and demand for high quality bonds and dividend paying stocks emerged due to declining public debts, management practices at large corporations, and an increasingly aging population. P3s provided a solution to this dilemma. The evaporation of this economic context and a growing public awareness of the costs of these deals likely mean that P3s will lose their status as a fetish in both senses of the word.
Résumé
Les partenariats public-privé (P3) embrassent un large éventail d’activités commerciales et financières par lesquelles l’État charge des entreprises sans but lucratif soit de fournir soit de financer en partie, en vertu de contrats à long terme, des services prescrits par la loi. Dans la perspective de l’analyse marxiste des produits de base, les P3 peuvent également être considérés comme des fétiches, à savoir des objets dont la valeur n’est pas tirée de leur utilité mais bien des rapports sociaux imaginaires qui leur sont implicites. Dans le cas qui nous occupe, il s’agit de la mutation d’instruments par lesquels le gouvernement tient ses obligations en une forme donnée de biens privés. Force est de reconnaître que les États recourent de longue date à des P3 pour mettre en place les instruments dont ils ont besoin pour tenir leurs engagements. Toutefois, l’étendue des activités que les gouvernements sont disposés à envisager de confier à des parties à des P3 a atteint des niveaux sans précédent. Les États sont à ce point avides de conclure des ententes et celles ci sont si en évidence dans leur rhétorique financière que les P3 peuvent désormais être considérés comme un fétiche au deuxième sens du mot : c’est à dire un objet que les gens convoitent ou une activité à laquelle ils souhaitent se livrer de manière irrationnelle. La plus grande part des études politico économiques des P3 ont été centrées sur cette rhétorique et ont voulu faire la lumière sur la tendance en établissant des rapports entre les fétiches et le programme politique idéologique du néo-libéralisme. Bien que cette démarche très focalisée soit utile, elle a fait en sorte qu’une question capitale a été négligée : celle de savoir pourquoi les investisseurs voudraient participer à des P3. L’auteur fait valoir que l’interprétation juste du fétiche des P3 passe obligatoirement par un examen du dilemme auquel faisaient face les gestionnaires de caisses de retraites à la fin des années 1990. Il s’est produit un déséquilibre entre l’offre et la demande d’obligations et d’actions bénéficiaires de qualité à cause du recul de la dette publique, des pratiques de gestion des grandes entreprises et d’une population dont le vieillissement allait s’accélérant. Or les P3 offrent une solution au dilemme. La volatilisation du contexte économique précité et la sensibilisation croissante du public aux coûts des P3 donnent à entendre que ces derniers sont voués à perdre leur qualité de fétiche, aux deux sens du mot.
Appendices
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