ror.org/03rmrcq20
Abstracts
Abstract
The high numbers of Aboriginal children placed in provincial and territorial care demonstrate the need for effective interventions that directly address the legacy of trauma from colonialization. This paper argues that healing is a critical component of any intervention seeking to help Aboriginal Peoples and their children. Research on healing and recent government initiatives and legislation directed at preserving traditional Aboriginal healing practices are discussed. This article concludes with recommendations for various community members involved in the healing of Aboriginal Peoples.
Keywords:
- healing,
- child welfare,
- traditional healing practices
Appendices
Bibliography
- Aboriginal Healing and Wellness Strategy. (2002). Draft guidelines for traditional healing programs. Author.
- Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (n.d.). Mission, vision, values: Aboriginal Healing Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.ahf.ca/about-us/mission
- Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (2003). Third interim evaluation report of Aboriginal Healing Foundation: Program activity. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (2005). Federal government commits $125 million to Aboriginal Healing Foundation in today’s residential school compensation package announcement. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (2006). The Aboriginal Healing Foundation releases three-volume final report. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Aboriginal Healing Foundation. (2007). Best healing practices. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Archibald, L. (2006). Decolonization and healing: Indigenous experiences in the United States, New Zealand, Australia, and Greenland. Ottawa, ON: the Aboriginal Healing Foundation.: Ottawa.
- Barton, S., Thommasen, H., Tallio, B., Zhang, W., & Michalos, A. (2005). Health and quality of life of Aboriginal residential school survivors, Bella Coola Valley. Social Indicators Research, 73(2), 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-6169-5
- Battiste, M., & Youngblood Henderson, J. (2000). Protecting Indigenous knowledge and heritage: A global challenge. Saskatoon, SK: Purich Publishing Ltd.
- Bennett, M., & Blackstock, C. (2002). A literature review and annotated bibliography focusing on aspects of Aboriginal child welfare in Canada. Ottawa, ON: First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada.
- Blackstock, C. (2003). First Nations child and family services restoring peace and harmony in First Nations communities. In K. Kufeldt & B. McKenzie (Eds.), Child welfare: Connecting research, policy, and practice (pp. 331-342). Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
- Blackstock, C., & Bennett, M. (2003). National children’s alliance policy paper on Aboriginal children. Ottawa, ON: First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada.
- Blackstock, C., & Trocmé, N. (2005). Community-based child welfare for Aboriginal children: Supporting resilience through structural change. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 24(1), pp. 12-33.
- Brave Heart-Jordan, M. Y. H. (1995). The return to the Sacred path: Healing from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Lakota (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Five Colleges Libraries Catalog. (002001281).
- Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (2003). The historical trauma response among Natives and its relationship with substance abuse: A Lakota illustration. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 35(1), pp. 7-143. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2003.10399988
- Canadian Association of Social Workers. (2004). The social work profession and the Aboriginal Peoples: CASW presentation to the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. The Social Worker, 62(4), 158.
- Carlson, R., & Shield, B. (Eds.). (1990). Healers on Healing. London, UK: Rider.
- Chandler, M. J. (2000). Surviving the time: The persistence of identity in this culture and that. Culture & Psychology, 6(2), 209-231. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354067X0062009
- Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. (1998). Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada’s First Nations. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Colorado, P. (1988). Bridging Native and Western science. Convergence, 21(2-3), 49-69.
- Culley, S. (1991). Integrative counselling skills in action. London, UK, Sage.
- Davis-Berman, J., & Berman, D. S. (1989). The wilderness therapy program: An empirical study of its effects with adolescents in an outpatient setting. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 19(4), pp. 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00946092
- Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. (2003). Backgrounder: The residential school system. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Department of Justice. (2005). Healing the past: Addressing the legacy of physical and sexual abuse in Indian residential schools. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Duran E., & Duran, B. (2000). Applied postcolonial clinical & research strategies. In M. Battiste (Ed.), Reclaiming Indigenous voice and vision (pp. 86-100). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
- Duran, E., Duran, B., Yellow Horse Brave Heart, M., & Yellow Horse-Davis, S.(1998). Healing the American Indian soul wound. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma (pp. 341-354). New York City, NY: Plenum Press.
- Farris-Manning, C., & Zandstra, M. (2003). Children in care in Canada: A summary of current issues and trends with recommendations for future research. Ottawa, ON: Child Welfare League of Canada.
- First Nations Centre (2003a). Research tool kit: Understanding research. Ottawa, ON: First Nations Centre, the National Aboriginal Health Organization.
- First Nations Centre (2003b). Ethics tool kit: Ethics in health research. Ottawa, ON: First Nations Centre, the National Aboriginal Health Organization.
- First Nations Centre (2007). OCAP: Ownership, control, access and possession. Sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Committee, Assembly of First Nations. Ottawa, ON: First Nations Centre, the National Aboriginal Health Organization.
- Fuchs, M., & Bashshur, R. (1975). Use of traditional Indian medicine among urban Native Americans. Medical Care, 13(11), pp. 915-927.
- Gagne, M. (1998). The role of dependency and colonialism in generating trauma in First Nations citizens. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma (pp. 355-372). New York City, NY: Plenum Press.
- Gendlin, E. T. (1996). Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method. New York City, NY: The Guildford Press.
- Grant, A. (1996). No end of grief: Indian residential schools in Canada. Winnipeg, MA: Pemmican.
- Graveline, F. J. (1998). Circle works: Transforming eurocentric consciousness. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Press.
- Heilbron, C. L., & Guttman, M. A. J. (2000). Traditional healing methods with First Nations women in group counselling. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 34(1), pp. 3-13.
- Hepworth, H. P. (1980). Foster care and adoption in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Council on Social Development.
- Herrick, J. W., & Snow, D. R. (1995). Iroquois medical botany. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Hudson, P., & McKenzie, B. (1981). Child welfare and Native people: The extension of colonialism. The Social Worker, 49(2), pp. 63-88.
- Ing, R. (1991). The effects of residential schools on Native child-rearing practices. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 18, 65-118.
- Keeshig-Tobis, L., & McLaren, D. (1987). For as long as the rivers flow. This Magazine, 21(3), pp. 21-26.
- Kline, M. (1992). Child welfare law, “best interests of the child” ideology, and First Nations. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 30, 375-425.
- Lane, P., Bopp, M., Bopp, J., & Norris, J. (2002). Mapping the healing journey. Ottawa, ON: Solicitor General of Canada, the Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
- Latimer, J., & Casey, L. (2004). A one-day snapshot of Aboriginal youth in custody across Canada: Phase II. Ottawa, ON: Department of Justice, Public Works, and Government Services of Canada.
- Lee, B. (1992). Colonialization and community: Implications for First Nations development. Community Development Journal, 27(3), pp. 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cdj.a038608
- Locust, C. (2000). Split feathers: Adult American Indians who were placed in non-Indian families as children. Ontario Association of Children’s Aid Societies Journal, 44(3), 11-16.
- Manson, S. M. (1996). The wounded spirit: A cultural formulation of post-traumatic stress disorder. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 20(4), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00117089
- Manson, S. M. (1997). Ethnographic methods, cultural context, and mental illness: Bridging different ways of knowing and experience. Ethos, 25(2), 249-258. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.1997.25.2.249
- Manson, S. M. (2000). Mental health services for American Indians and Alaska Natives: Need, use, and effective barriers to effective care. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 45(7), 617-627. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370004500703
- Martin Hill, D. (2003). Traditional medicine in contemporary contexts: Protecting and respecting Indigenous knowledge and medicine. Ottawa, ON: National Aboriginal Health Organization.
- McCormick, R. M. (1997). First Nation counsellor training: Strengthening the circle. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 16(2), 91-99. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1997-0008
- McKenzie, B. (2002). Block funding child maintenance in First Nations child and family services: A policy review (Report prepared for the Kahnawake Shakotiia’takehnhas Community Services). Winnipeg, MB.
- McGovern, C. (1998). More healing or less welfare. Alberta Report/Newsmagazine, 25(12), 18-20.
- Milloy, J. S. (1999). A National Crime: The Canadian government and the residential school system, 1879 to 1986. Winnipeg, MB: University of Manitoba Press.
- Morrissette, V., McKenzie, B., & Morrissette, L. (1993). Towards an Aboriginal model of social work practice: Cultural knowledge and traditional practices. Canadian Social Work Review, 10(1), pp. 91-108.
- O’Neil, J. D. (1993). The path to healing: Report of the National Round Table on Aboriginal Health and Social Issues. Ottawa, ON: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.
- Patterson, E. P. (1972). The Canadian Indian: A history since 1500. Toronto, ON: Collier MacMillan.
- Peters, E. (1996). Aboriginal people in urban areas. In D. Long & O. Dickason (Eds.), Visions of the heart: Canadian Aboriginal issues (pp. 305-333). Toronto, ON: Harcourt Brace & Company.
- Philp, M. (2002, September 3). The land of lost children. The Globe and Mail.
- Red Horse, J. G. (1980). Family structure and value orientation in American Indians. Social Casework, 61(8), 462-467. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104438948006100803
- Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996a). Appendix 3A: Traditional health and healing. In Volume 3: Gathering Strength (pp 325-340). Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada.
- Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996b). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa, ON: Ministry of Supply and Services Canada.
- Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada (SOGC). (2000). A guide for health professionals working with Aboriginal Peoples. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Solicitor General of Canada. (1998). In P. Lane, M. Bopp, J. Bopp, & J. Norris (Eds.) (2002), Mapping the healing journey (p. 76). Ottawa, ON: Solicitor General of Canada, the Aboriginal Healing Foundation.
- Statistics Canada. (1996). Growing up in Canada: National longitudinal survey of children and youth. Ottawa, ON: Author.
- Sue, D. W. (1981). Counselling the culturally different: Theory and practice. Toronto, ON: John Wiley & Sons.
- Thomas, W., & Bellefeuille, G. (2006). An evidence-based formative evaluation of a cross-cultural Aboriginal program in Canada. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 5(3), 202-215. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.5.3.202
- Trocmé, N., Knoke, D, & Blackstock, C. (2004). Pathways to the overrepresentation of Aboriginal children in Canada’s child welfare system. Social Service Review, 78(4), 577-600. https://doi.org/10.1086/424545
- Trocmé, N., MacLaurin, B., Fallon, B., Daciuk, D., Billingsley, D., Tourigny, . . . & McKenzie, B. (2001). Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect: Final report. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.
- United Nations. (2003). Committee on the Rights of the Child holds a day of discussion on the rights of Indigenous children. Geneva: Author.
- Waldram, J. (1990). The persistence of traditional medicine in urban areas: The case of Canada’s Indians. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Review, 4(1), pp. 9-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5820/aian.0401.1990.9
- Warry, W. (1998). Unfinished dreams: Community healing and the reality of self-government. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
- Wilfred Laurier University. (2007). Aboriginal field of study. Retrieved from https://www.wlu.ca/programs/social-work/graduate/social-work-msw/indigenous-field-of-study/index.html