Abstracts
Abstract
In this paper, I analyze a Yupik folklore plot represented by two stories. Both were recorded in 1940-41 by Ekaterina Rubtsova from two Ungazighmiit storytellers: Nalugyaq (1888–1942) and Tatko (ca. 1875–ca. 1944). The plot is as follows: A man abandons his older wife and two sons and leaves with his younger wife, taking away the herd and apparently leaving the old family to die. But they survive; the boys grow up, start to hunt, and finally come across a herd of wild deer grazing nearby. They tame the herd and fully domesticate it, then set on a journey in search of their father. Eventually they find their father, and once they reach their goal, the herd suddenly turns into a flock of cranes and flies away. Several questions require attention here: From the emic perspective, where is the line between tame and wild? What should a wild animal learn to do, or feel, or get accustomed to, or stop being afraid of, in order to become domestic? What are specific techniques of taming? What are the human-animal relations that enable people to tame the deer and at the same time leave an option for the deer to become wild again?
Keywords:
- Yupik folklore,
- human-animal relations,
- deer domestication,
- domestication techniques
Résumé
Dans cet article, j’analyse un aspect intriguant du folklore yupik au travers de deux histoires. Toutes deux ont été enregistrées en 1940-41 par Ekaterina Rubtsova auprès de deux orateurs Ungazighmiit : Nalugyaq (1888-1942) et Tatko (vers 1875-vers 1944). L’intrigue est la suivante : un homme abandonne sa femme aînée et ses deux fils, et part avec sa jeune épouse, en emportant le troupeau et en laissant apparemment mourir sa vieille famille. Mais ils survivent ; les garçons grandissent, commencent à chasser et tombent finalement sur un troupeau de rennes sauvages qui paissent à proximité. Ils apprivoisent le troupeau et le domestiquent complètement, puis partent à la recherche de leur père. Ils finissent par trouver leur père et, une fois leur objectif atteint, le troupeau se transforme soudain en une volée de grues qui s’envolent. Plusieurs questions doivent être examinées ici. Du point de vue émique, où se situe la limite entre apprivoisé et sauvage ? Que doit apprendre un animal sauvage pour devenir domestique ? Que doit-il faire, ressentir, intégrer comme nouvelles habitudes ou de quoi doit-il apprendre à cesser d’avoir peur ? Quelles sont les techniques spécifiques de domestication ? Quelles sont les relations entre les humains et les animaux qui permettent d’apprivoiser les rennes tout en leur laissant la possibilité de redevenir sauvage ?
Mots-clés:
- Folklore Yupik,
- relations humains-animaux,
- domestication des rennes,
- techniques de domestication
Аннотация
В этой статье я анализирую эскимосский фольклорный сюжет, представленный двумя текстами. Оба текста были записаны в 1940-41 гг. Екатериной Семеновной Рубцовой от двух рассказчиков из села Ун’азик: Налугьяк (1888-1942) и Татко (ок. 1875 – ок. 1944). Сюжет обоих текстов одинаков: мужчина бросает старшую жену и двух сыновей и уходит с младшей женой, уводя стадо и таким образом оставляя первую семью умирать. Но они выживают; мальчики вырастают, начинают охотиться и, наконец, натыкаются на стадо диких оленей, пасущееся неподалеку. Они приручают стадо и полностью одомашнивают его, а затем отправляются в путешествие на поиски своего отца. В конце концов они находят отца, и как только они достигают своей цели, стадо внезапно превращается в стаю журавлей и улетает. Здесь необходимо обратить внимание на несколько вопросов. С эмной точки зрения, где проходит грань между прирученным и диким? Чему должны научиться, или чувствовать, или к чему привыкнуть, или чего перестать бояться дикие животные, чтобы считаться домашним? Каковы конкретные методы приручения? Какие отношения между человеком и животными позволяют людям приручать оленя и в то же время оставлять оленю возможность снова стать диким?
Ключевые слова:
- Эскимосский фольклор,
- отношения между человеком и животным,
- одомашнивание дикого оленя,
- техники одомашнивания
Appendices
References
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