Abstracts
Abstract
As were other regions of Russia’s North, Chukotka (Chukotskii avtonomnyi okrug) was subjected to dramatic changes during the last century. Among the major long-lasting impacts for the Chukchi and Siberian Yupik Indigenous populations was a state-implemented village relocation policy that deemed dozens of historic settlements “unprofitable”, thus subject to forced closure and resettlement. Traumatic loss of homeland, the curbing of native patterns of (maritime) mobility, and the vanishing of traditional socioeconomic structures sent devastating ripples through the fabric of Indigenous communities, with disastrous results on societal health. To explore the intricate relationships between state-enforced resettlement and landscape interaction, particularly the perception and utilization of the environment, it is critical to look closely at Chukotka’s coastal environment. The article argues that the unique coastal landscape of Chukotka has influenced—while mitigating—the effects of the forced relocations. Improvised design and the reclaiming of formerly closed settlement sites play a paramount role here, with the reoccupation of old settlement niches representing a reconnection with a lost relationship to the littoral environment. The contemporary inhabitation and utilization of formerly closed villages show how the coastal landscape represents not only a “reservoir” in an ecological sense, but also a littoral reserve by providing the space for alternatives outside the congregated communities. Displacement destroys the sense of community, but in a reverse logic, a sense of community can also be established through renewed emplacement. The creation of autonomous social spaces is therefore part of an ongoing spatial resistance that actively uses the ecological niches of a coastal landscape to counter the long-lasting and detrimental effects of state-enforced resettlement policies.
Keywords:
- Chukotka,
- Chukchi,
- Siberian Yupik,
- settlements,
- displacement,
- resistance,
- mobility,
- hunting camps,
- coastal landscape
Résumé
Comme d’autres régions du nord de la Russie, la Tchoukotka (Čukotskij Avtonomnyj Okrug) a subi des changements spectaculaires au cours du siècle dernier. Parmi les principaux impacts durables pour les populations autochtones Tchouktches et Yupik de Sibérie figure une politique de relocalisation des villages mise en oeuvre par l’État, qui a jugé que des dizaines des hameaux historiques n’étaient pas « rentables » et qui devaient donc être fermés et relocalisés de force. La perte traumatisante du territoire d’origine, la limitation des modèles autochtones de mobilité (maritime) et la disparition des structures socio-économiques traditionnelles ont eu des effets dévastateurs sur le tissu social des communautés autochtones, avec des conséquences désastreuses sur la santé de la société. Pour explorer les relations complexes entre la réinstallation forcée par l’État et l’interaction avec le paysage, en particulier la perception et l’utilisation de l’environnement, il est essentiel d’examiner de près l’environnement côtier de la Tchoukotka. Cet article soutient que le paysage côtier unique de la Tchoukotka a influencé, tout en les atténuant, les effets des relocalisations forcées. La conception improvisée et la récupération de sites de peuplement autrefois fermés jouent ici un rôle primordial, la réoccupation d’anciennes niches de peuplement représentant une reconnexion avec une relation perdue avec l’environnement littoral. L’occupation et l’utilisation contemporaines de villages autrefois fermés montrent comment le paysage côtier représente non seulement un « réservoir », au sens écologique du terme, mais aussi une réserve littorale en offrant un espace pour des alternatives en dehors des communautés rassemblées. Le déplacement détruit le sens de la communauté, mais dans une logique inverse, un sens de la communauté peut également être établi par un nouvel emplacement. La création d’espaces sociaux autonomes fait donc partie d’une résistance spatiale permanente qui utilise activement les niches écologiques d’un paysage côtier pour contrer les effets durables et néfastes des politiques de réinstallation imposées par l’État.
Mots-clés:
- Tchoukotka,
- Tchouktche,
- Yupik de Sibérie,
- peuplements,
- déplacement,
- résistance,
- mobilité,
- camps de chasse,
- paysage côtier
Аннотация
Как и другие регионы Севера России, Чукотка (Чукотский автономный округ) за последнее столетие претерпела кардинальные изменения. Среди основных долгосрочных последствий для чукчей и сибирских эскимосов-юпик была проводимая государством политика переселения, в соответствии с которой десятки исторических поселений были признаны «нерентабельными» и поэтому подлежали принудительному закрытию, а их жители – переселению. Травматическая потеря родины, сдерживание местных моделей морской мобильности и исчезновение традиционных социально-экономических структур стали причинами разрушительных изменений повседневности общин коренных народов, что привело к катастрофическим последствиям для здоровья общества. Для изучения сложных взаимосвязей между принудительным переселением со стороны государства и взаимодействием с ландшафтом, особенно с восприятием и использованием окружающей среды, крайне важно внимательно изучить прибрежную среду Чукотки. В статье утверждается, что уникальный прибрежный ландшафт Чукотки повлиял на последствия вынужденного переселения – смягчил их. Импровизированная структура и рекультивация ранее закрытых поселений играют здесь первостепенную роль, при этом повторное занятие старых поселений представляет собой восстановление связей с локальной прибрежной средой. Современное заселение и использование ранее закрытых деревень демонстрируют, что прибрежный ландшафт представляет собой не только «резервуар» в экологическом смысле, но и прибрежный заповедник, предоставляя пространство для альтернативных социальных практик за пределами Собранных сообществ. Переселение разрушает чувство общности, но в обратной логике чувство общности также может быть установлено посредством нового заселения. Таким образом, создание автономных социальных пространств является частью продолжающегося пространственного сопротивления, которое активно использует экологические ниши прибрежного ландшафта для противодействия долгосрочным и пагубным последствиям государственной политики переселения.
Ключевые слова:
- Чукотка,
- чукчи,
- сибирские эскимосы-юпик,
- поселения,
- перемещение,
- сопротивление,
- мобильность,
- охотничьи стоянки,
- прибрежный ландшафт
Appendices
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