Abstracts
Résumé
Les droits des victimes de crimes font actuellement l’objet de réformes constantes et d’une attention politique soutenue tant dans la plupart des pays développés que dans les plus hautes sphères des organisations internationales. Le présent article met l’accent sur le caractère international de tels constats en identifiant les normes de services et de soutien que les victimes sont maintenant en droit d’attendre de la part des acteurs de la justice pénale. L’article procédera à une analyse qualitative des déclarations de politique générale qui traitent de la place des victimes en cour et/ou pendant les procédures criminelles et ce, dans neuf juridictions distinctes, et à une analyse détaillée des engagements internationaux fixés par les Nations Unies, le Conseil de l’Europe et l’Union européenne. Les résultats démontrent que les réformes et les attentes en matière de droits des victimes de crimes prennent aujourd’hui la forme d’un processus de mondialisation. Les conséquences d’un tel processus seront explorées à la fois pour les acteurs du système et pour les victimes de crimes elles-mêmes.
Mots-clés :
- Victimes,
- tribunaux,
- justice pénale,
- droits des victimes
Abstract
Victims of crime are now the subjects of intense policy attention and reform across most developed nations, whilst also receiving sustained attention at the highest levels of many international organisations. This paper sets out to emphasise the international character of such developments by identifying common standards of service and support which victims are now told they can expect from criminal justice actors across jurisdictions, with particular emphasis on the place of victims in court during criminal proceedings. The paper draws on a qualitative analysis of relevant policy documents in nine separate jurisdictions as well as detailed analyses of international obligations set down by the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Union. The results show that such reforms and expectations are presently undergoing a process of globalisation. The implications of this will be explored both for criminal justice actors in domestic jurisdictions, and for victims of crime themselves.
Keywords:
- Victims,
- courts,
- criminal justice,
- rights
Resumen
Los derechos de las víctimas de crímenes son en la actualidad objeto de reformas constantes y de una atención política sostenida en la mayor parte de las naciones desarrolladas, así como en los niveles más altos de diversas organizaciones internacionales. El presente artículo destaca el carácter internacional de dichas tendencias mediante la identificación de normas comunes de servicios y apoyo que las víctimas pueden esperar actualmente de los diferentes actores de la justicia penal. El estudio se beneficia del análisis cualitativo de declaraciones de política general que tratan del lugar de las víctimas en los tribunales y/o durante los procedimientos penales en nueve diferentes jurisdicciones y del análisis detallado de las obligaciones internacionales establecidas a ese respecto por las Naciones Unidas, el Consejo de Europa y la Unión Europea. Los resultados demuestran que las reformas y expectativas relativas a las víctimas de crímenes se hallan actualmente en proceso de globalización. Las consecuencias de tal proceso se examinan tanto respecto de los actores de la justicia criminal como de las víctimas de crímenes.
Palabras clave:
- Víctimas,
- tribunales,
- justicia penal,
- derechos de las víctimas
Appendices
Bibliographie
- Angle, H., Malam, S., & Carey, C. (2003). Witness Satisfaction : Findings from the Witness Satisfaction Survey 2002. Home Office Online Report 19/03. London : Home Office.
- Arts, K. (2006). General Introduction : A Child Rights-Based Approach to International Criminal Accountability. In : K. Arts & V. Popovski (Eds.), International criminal accountability and the rights of children (3-16). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
- Ashworth, A. (1998). The Criminal Process : An Evaluative Study (2nd édition). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Ashworth, A. (2000). Victims’ Rights, Defendants’ Rights and Criminal Procedure. In A. Crawford & J. Goodey (Eds.), Integrating a Victim Perspective Within Criminal Justice : international debates (185-204). Aldershot : Ashgate Dartmouth.
- Bacik, I. (2002). Women and the Criminal Justice System. In : P. O’Mahony (Ed.), Criminal Justice in Ireland (134-154). Dublin : Institute of Public Administration.
- Bazemore, G. (1998). The Juvenile Court and the Future Response to Youth Crime : A Vision for Community Juvenile Justice. Juvenile & Family Court Journal, 49, 55-87.
- Brienen, M., & Hoegen, H. (2000). Victims of Crime in 22 European Criminal Justice Systems : The Implementation of Recommendation (85) 11 of the Council of Europe on the Position of the Victim in the Framework of Criminal Law and Procedure. Nijmegen : Wolf Legal Productions.
- Canada (2003). Canadian Statement of basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime. Ottawa : Ministère de la Justice.
- Cavadino, M., & Dignan, J. (2007). The Penal System : An Introduction (4th édition). London : Sage Publications.
- Centre des ressources canadiennes pour les victimes (2001). Restorative Justice in Canada. Ottawa : Centre des ressources canadiennes pour les victimes.
- Commission des communautés européennes (2009). Report pursuant to Article 18 of the Council Framework Decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings. Brussels : Commission des communautés européennes.
- Commission européenne (2008). Meeting Report : Experts’ Meeting on Victims of Crime Brussels – 17 November 2008. Bruxelles : Commission européenne.
- David, J., Stubbs, J., & Pegrum, F. (1990). Services for Victims of Crime in Australia. Griffith : Criminological Research Council.
- Doak, J. (2005). Victims’ Rights in Criminal Trials : Prospects for Participation. Journal of Law and Society, 32, 2924-2316.
- Doyle, C. (2008). Crime Victims’ Rights Act. New York : Nova Publishers.
- Edwards, I. (2002). The Place of Victims’ Preferences in the Sentencing of “their” Offenders. Criminal Law Review, Septembre, 689-702.
- Ellison, L. (2003). Case Note : The Right of Challenge In Sexual Offence Cases : Sn v Sweden. International Journal of Evidence and Proof, 7, 1-2.
- Erez, E., Leigh, R., & O’Connell, M. (1996). Victim Impact Statements in South Australia. Canberra : Australian Institute of Criminology.
- Fletcher, M., Loof, R., & Gilmore, B. (2008). EU Criminal Law and Justice. Camberley : Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Hall, M. (2010). Victims and Policy Making : A Comparative Perspective. Cullompton : Willan Publishing.
- Hanly, C. (2003). Finding Space for Victims’ Human Rights in Criminal Justice. Dublin : Irish Law Society.
- Hickman, J. (2004). Playing games and cheating : fairness in the criminal justice system. In : E. Cape (Ed.), Reconcilable rights ? analysing the tension between victims and defendants (50-64). London : Legal Action Group.
- Human Rights Watch (2008). Mixed Results US Policy and International Standards on the Rights and Interests of Victims of Crime. New York : Human Rights Watch.
- Irish Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform (1999). Victims’ charter and guide to the criminal justice system. Dublin : Irish Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform.
- Jackson, J. (2003). Justice for All : Putting Victims at the Heart of Criminal Justice ? Journal of Law and Society, 30, 309-26.
- Joutsen, M., & Shapland, J. (1989). Changing victims policy : the United Nations Victim Declaration and recent developments in Europe. In HEUNI (Ed.), The Role of the Victim of Crime in European Criminal Justice System (1-31). Helsinki : HEUNI.
- JUSTICE (1998). Victims in Criminal Justice, Report of the JUSTICE Committee on the Role of Victims in Criminal Justice. London : JUSTICE.
- Lee, M. (2007). Human Trafficking. Cullompton : Willan Publishing.
- Malsch, M. (1999). Victims’ Wishes for Compensation : The Immaterial Aspect. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27, 239-247.
- McDermott, Y. (2009). The Lubanga Trial at the International Criminal Court. Disponible sur : www.lubangatrial.org/contributors/
- New Zealand Crown Law Office (2010). Prosecution Guidelines. Wellington : New Zealand Crown Law Office.
- Office of the Attorney General of Arizona (2009). Victims’ Rights Enforcement Officer. Disponible sur : www.azag.gov/victims_rights/enforcement.html
- Office of the Attorney General of California (2010). Serving Victims. Disponible sur : http://ag.ca.gov/victims.php
- Pemberton, A. (2010). Needs of Victims of Terrorism. In R. Letschert, I. Staiger & A. Pemberton (Eds.), Assisting Victims of Terrorism. Towards a European Standard of Justice (73-142). Houten : Springer.
- Reese, C. (2000). The Implementation of the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power in France. The Victimologist, 4, 1-2.
- Rock, P. (1990). Helping Victimsof Crime : The Home Office and the Rise of Victim Support in England and Wales. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Rock, P. (1998). After Homicide : Practical and Political responses to Bereavement. Oxford : Clarendon Press.
- Rock, P. (2007). Theoretical perspectives on victimisation. In S. Walklate (Ed.), Handbook of Victims and Victimology (37-61). Cullompton : Willan Publishing.
- Sanders, A., Hoyle, C., Morgan, R., & Cape, E. (2001). Victim Impact Statements : Don’t work, Can’t work. Criminal Law Review, Jun, 437-458.
- Scottish Executive (2005). National Standards for Victims of Crime. Edinburgh : Scottish Executive.
- Shapland, J., Willmore, J., & Duff, P. (1985). Victims and the Criminal Justice System. Aldershot : Gower.
- South African Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (2008). Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa. Pretoria : DoJCD.
- Strang, H. (2001). Restorative Justice Programs in Australia. Griffith : Australian Criminology Research Council.
- Tak, P. (2003). The Dutch criminal justice system : Organization and operation (2e édition). The Hague : Netherlands Ministry of Justice.
- Temkin J. (2002). Rape and the legal process (2e édition). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
- Tyler, T. (1990). Why People Obey the Law. New Haven : Yale University Press.
- UK Crown Prosecution Service (2004). The Code for Crown Prosecutors. London : CPS.
- UK Crown Prosecution Service (2005). The Prosecutors’ Pledge. Disponible sur : www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/prosecutor_pledge.html
- UK Home Office (1990). Victims’ Charter : a statement of the rights of victims. London : UK Home Office.
- UK Home Office (2005). The Code of Practice for Victims of Crime. London : UK Home Office.
- Van Dijk, J., Van Kesteren, J., & Smit, P. (2008). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective, Key findings from the 2004-2005 ICVS and EU ICS. The Hague : Boom Legal Publishers.
- Victim Support Australasia (2009). A Human Rights Charter for Australia : Submission from Victim support Australasia Inc. Sydney : Victim Support Australasia.
- Wemmers, J.-A. (1996). Victims in the Criminal Justice System. Amsterdam : Kugler Publications.
- Wemmers, J.-A. (2010). Victims Rights and the International Criminal Court : Perceptions within the Court Regarding the Victim’s Right to Participate. Leiden Journal of International Law, 23, 629-643.
- Wemmers, J.-A., van der Leeden, R., & Steensa, H. (1995). What is Procedural Justice : Criteria Used by Dutch Victims to Assess the Fairness of Criminal Justice Procedures. Social Justice Research, 8, 329-350.