EN:

Climate change poses a significant risk threatening the livelihood of people, communities, and cities worldwide. The stakes cannot be reduced to zero, so there is a constant need to re-theorize the collective action to address the climate change challenges. Doing so requires planning to reduce vulnerability to climate change. One of the most crucial challenges facing scientists, academics, citizens, and policymakers today is whether the collaborative, inclusive, and resilient climate change action can be implemented, assessed, and achieved. To respond to this question, this research aims to re-theorize, de-conceptualize, and analyze the collective effort to address the climate change challenges. First, the paper conceptualizes climate change resiliency as the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond effectively to climate-related risks, hazards, and threats. The existing challenges toward implementing resilient and inclusive climate change action have been analyzed. The paper theorizes the urban commons and collaborative governance to theorize collective efforts. This article concludes by identifying some critical determinants for the up‐scaling of collective action to address the climate change challenges. It can be supposed that any future inclusive and resilient collective action to address climate change is based on social learning to support decision-making, emphasizing inclusion and equity, which came in line with the United Nation’s 2030 SDGs.

FR:

Les villes sont aujourd’hui confrontées à des défis qui leur imposent de revoir leurs choix de planification urbaine. Au-delà des enjeux d’adaptation au changement climatique, la fabrique de la ville est également bousculée par la révolution numérique et les changements des modes d’habiter, de travail, de mobilité. Cette nouvelle donne ouvre de fait sur un impératif de transformation mais aussi sur de réelles opportunités d’innovation pour concevoir une ville plus résiliente et durable. Après un examen des enjeux de transformation auxquels sont confrontées les dynamiques urbaines actuelles, l’article analyse le cas de la ville de Porto (deuxième métropole portugaise), notamment dans trois domaines cruciaux : l’habitat, l’environnement et les mobilités urbaines. L’étude s’appuie sur une documentation importante issue des plans et projets de la ville, et sur la réalisation de dix-neuf entretiens semi-directifs avec des acteurs clés de l’urbanisme. S’il est difficile d’affirmer que ce cas présente une valeur paradigmatique, il offre en revanche des exemples d’opérations d’aménagement urbain illustrant des évolutions concrètes dans la fabrique d’une ville plus durable, et témoigne à travers son nouveau Plan Directeur Municipal d’une approche renouvelée de la planification urbaine.

EN:

Today, cities are facing structural challenges that impose on them to revise their urban planning choices. Besides the adaptation to Climate Change consequences, the fabric of the city is also impacted by the digital revolution and the ongoing changes in habitat, working and mobility modes. This new context calls for a need of urban transformation but opens, at the same time, on real innovation opportunities for the fabric of a more sustainable and resilient city. We first examine the transformation challenges confronting the contemporary urban dynamics. We then analyze the case of Porto, the second Portuguese metropolis, with a focus on three crucial dimensions: housing, the environment, and urban mobilities. The study builds both on an important documentation related to the city’s plans and projects, and on nineteen semi-directive interviews with key actors of Porto urban planning. While it is difficult to state that this case has a paradigmatic value, it offers instructive examples of major projects which are illustrative of an evolution towards a more sustainable urban fabric. The case shows also how the new Municipal Master Plan of Porto approved in 2021 represents a real renewed urban planning approach.

FR:

La crise de la COVID-19 a remis sur le devant de la scène le terme de résilience. Particulièrement pertinent pour expliquer les effets de rebond ou l’incapacité à réagir, ce dernier permet d’appréhender les effets d’une crise mondialisée sur les territoires sans toutefois refléter les situations réelles des différents espaces considérés. Nous proposons ici d’estimer l’impact du choc de la Covid-19 sur deux territoires en France : l’un peut se définir comme une campagne industrielle, le Nord Poitou, l’autre, métropolitain, est situé en première couronne parisienne, Est Ensemble. Alors que dans le premier, le nombre d’emplois tend à diminuer en même temps que le taux de chômage, l’industrie demeure ancrée dans son territoire. Le second territoire présente un équilibre plus fragile entre hausse du nombre d’emplois disponibles et taux de chômage élevé de façon structurelle. Si les dispositifs d’amortissement de la crise, principalement insufflés par l’Europe et l’Etat, ont permis de passer le cap de l’année 2020, ces deux territoires ancrent leur résilience dans ce qui les caractérisent dans le temps long. Que l’on se situe dans un territoire de faible densité ou dans un espace métropolitain, les trajectoires suivent des tendances lourdes, fruits de spécificités historiques, et sont inscrites dans les dynamiques sectorielles nationales.

EN:

The Covid-19 crisis has brought the term resilience back to the forefront. Particularly relevant to explain the effects of rebound or the inability to react, this term makes it possible to apprehend the effects of a globalized crisis on territories without, however, reflecting the real situations of the different areas considered. We propose to estimate the impact of Covid-19 in two french territories: an area that can be defined as an industrial countryside, Nord Poitou, with a metropolitan area located in the inner suburbs of Paris, Est Ensemble. While in the former, the number of jobs tends to decrease at the same time as the unemployment rate, industry remains anchored in its territory. The second territory offers a more fragile balance between an increasing number of available jobs and a structurally high unemployment rate. While the measures taken to cushion the crisis, mainly by Europe and the State, have made it possible to get through the year 2020, these two regions are anchoring their resilience in what characterizes them over the long term. Whether in a low-density area or in a metropolitan area, the trajectories follow major trends, the fruit of historical specificities, and are part of national sectoral dynamics.

FR:

Face aux changements climatiques et à l’aggravation des risques d’inondation, le discours sur la résilience territoriale s’intensifie. Il montre pourtant de nombreuses limites opérationnelles. Les projets urbains tendent au final à gommer les différences des aménagements urbains exposés à l’inondation. Lors de la mise en oeuvre de la résilience, les contraintes sont négociées et rabaissées pour construire une opération au plus proche des conditions classiques. La production urbaine en zone inondable tient compte a minima de l’inondation. Basé sur le cadre d’analyse des ressources de politiques publiques, l’article parlera de « faux-semblants » pour souligner l’incompréhension de départ qui affiche l’inondation comme une contrainte insurmontable, constituée de règles paralysantes et de surcoûts assurés, alors que les opérations en zone inondable disposent d’atouts. Peu de recherches interrogent les intérêts dits « privés » dans le rapport de force, alors que la logique de marché de la production urbaine tend in fine à atténuer les particularités en zone inondable.

EN:

In the face of climate change and increasing flood risks, the discourse on spatial resilience is intensifying. However, it reveals several operational limits. Urban projects ultimately tend to blur the differences in urban development facing flooding. When resilience is implemented, restrictions are negotiated and lowered in order to build as close as possible to the classic conditions. Urban production in flood-prone areas takes flooding into account at a minimum. Based on the framework of analysis of public policy resources, the article will speak of “false assumptions” to underline the initial misunderstanding that presents flooding as an insurmountable constraint, made up of blocking rules and additional costs, whereas operations in flood-prone areas have strengths. Few research studies question the “market” rationale in the balance of power, whereas the market logic in fact tends to attenuate the characteristics of urban production in flood-prone areas.

EN:

The Mediterranean coast condition is worrying. The Gulf of Lion coast lower and sandy areas, densely urbanized, are particularly exposed to erosion. In addition, this coastline will experience by 2100 an increase in salt water intrusions, floods by marine submersion and damage to infrastructure due to sea level rise. The State first “left it to the developers” at the end of the 19^th century, then decided to build new seaside resorts within the ‘Mission Racine’ the framework in the second half of the 20^th century. The State now defends a “retreat doctrine” by relocating activities and people further away from the sea. However, this doctrine is opposed by economic actors and especially by local elected representatives, who have become the real architects of planning policies as a result of the 80’ decentralisation. The adaptation of this very touristy coast, which was an international laboratory of architectural and urban innovation during the 1960s, therefore seems compromised. Neither the local planning tools nor even the regional coastal management strategy can reconcile economic development and resilient urban planning in the absence of coastal governance.

EN:

As natural disasters increase, the stakes around disaster waste management (DWM) are rising and planning becomes necessary. Yet, planning for DWM faces many obstacles, in particular regarding the lack of clear responsibilities. Who should be mandated to plan for DWM? What benefits and downsides does each potential planner offer? Is a centralised DWM planning process more effective than several? This article aims at answering these questions and assessing the assets and weaknesses of potential DWM planners, by looking into the case study of DWM after storm Alex in the Roya Valley (South France).

Eight criteria can be considered to analyse the links between the stakeholders and their environment, and assess their relevance as DWM planners: geographic scale, time scale, resources, responsibilities, planning tools, coordination capacities, disaster, and waste. According to the existing literature, it seems that a comprehensive DWM plan is more detailed, centralises all the information and enables systematic waste treatments. However, in practice, the study shows that it is difficult to find an adequate stakeholder to develop such a plan and enhance the participation and collaboration of other stakeholders on this subject.

FR:

Les fortes variations des prix de l’énergie depuis 20 ans ont précarisé certains ménages vulnérables du fait de leur revenu, d’un logement mal isolé ou de longs déplacements quotidiens contraints. Cette thématique de la précarité énergétique a ainsi progressivement émergé en tant qu’objet de l’action publique territoriale en se renforçant nettement avec le pic du prix du pétrole en 2008-2012. Comment les acteurs des territoires peuvent-ils s’organiser pour faire face à cet enjeu social de la transition énergétique ? Pour répondre à cette question, cet article rend compte d’une recherche menée auprès de trois territoires différenciés, actifs en matière de lutte contre la précarité énergétique liée au logement et à la mobilité. Il montre l’intensification progressive de l’action collective en la matière depuis les années 2000, tout en soulignant les limites d’une part des politiques sectorielles (action sociale, énergie, logement, transports…), et d’un autre côté des modes de financement et de régulation actuels qui rendent difficiles de mener des actions de long terme. Enfin, les observations sur les trois territoires témoignent des opportunités que peuvent offrir les évolutions institutionnelles en cours depuis une dizaine d’années (intercommunalité et métropolisation).

EN:

The sharp fluctuations in energy prices over the past 20 years have made some households precarious because of their situation linked to their income, a poorly isolated housing and/or long daily commutes. This theme of energy poverty has thus gradually emerged as an object of local public action by strengthening significantly with the price peak of of oil in 2008-2012. How can the local stakeholders organize themselves to face this social issue of the energy transition? To answer this question, this article reports on a research conducted in three different territories, active in the fight against energy poverty related to housing and mobility. It shows the gradual intensification of collective action in this area since the 2000s, and highlights limits of sectoral policies (social action, energy, housing, transport, etc.), and on the other hand the current financing and regulation methods that make it difficult to conduct long term actions. Finally, the observations on the three territories show the opportunities of the ongoing institutional developments over the past ten years (intercommunality and metropolization).