Abstracts
Abstract
This qualitative study explores the lived experiences of racialized and immigrant youth in public libraries, focusing on a sense of belonging. The research team conducted 18 observations, two focus groups, surveys (n=79), and interviews (n=17). Findings were then explored with a co-design team of seven racialized youths. Data analysis identified four key themes influencing belonging: accessibility, safety, inclusion (subthemes: familiarity, representation, and acceptance), and agency. Findings reveal that youth value safe, familiar, and inclusive environments where they feel represented and accepted. They also highlight challenges such as limited agency and racial discrimination. Ultimately, the findings emphasize the importance of fostering environments where youth are engaged, empowered, and heard so they can help shape public spaces where they feel truly valued. This paper also offers recommendations for ways public libraries can encourage a sense of belonging for immigrant and racialized youth and directions for future research.
Keywords:
- belonging,
- youth,
- inclusion,
- acceptance,
- public library
Résumé
Cette étude qualitative explore les expériences vécues par les jeunes racialisés et immigrés dans les bibliothèques publiques, en mettant l’accent sur le sentiment d’appartenance. L’équipe de recherche a réalisé 18 observations, deux groupes de discussion, des sondages (n = 79) et des entretiens (n = 17). Les résultats ont ensuite été approfondis avec une équipe de co-conception composée de sept jeunes racialisés. L’analyse des données a permis d’identifier quatre thèmes clés influençant le sentiment d’appartenance : l’accessibilité, la sécurité, l’inclusion (sous-thèmes : familiarité, représentation et acceptation) et l’agentivité. Les résultats révèlent que les jeunes apprécient les environnements sûrs, familiers et inclusifs où ils se sentent représentés et acceptés. Ils soulignent également des défis tels que le manque d’agentivité et la discrimination raciale. En fin de compte, les conclusions insistent sur l’importance de favoriser des environnements où les jeunes sont impliqués, valorisés et entendus, afin qu’ils puissent contribuer à façonner des espaces publics où ils se sentent véritablement reconnus. Cet article propose également des recommandations pour que les bibliothèques publiques encouragent le sentiment d’appartenance chez les jeunes immigrés et racialisés, ainsi que des pistes pour des recherches futures.
Mots-clés :
- Appartenance,
- Jeunes,
- Inclusion,
- Bibliothèques publiques,
- Adolescents
Appendices
Bibliography
- Ager, A. & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166-191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
- Allen, K. A., Gray, D. L., Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (2022). The need to belong: A deep dive into the origins, implications, and future of a foundational construct. Educational Psychology Review, 34(2), 1133-1156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09633-6
- Annells, M. (1996). Grounded theory method: Philosophical perspectives, paradigm of inquiry, and postmodernism. Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239600600306
- Bangani, S. (2024). Academic libraries’ support for quality education through community engagement. Information Development, 40(4), 590-601. https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669231152862
- Banaji, M. R., Fiske, S. T., & Massey, D. S. (2021). Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00349-3
- Blum, R. W., Lai, J., Martinez, M., & Jessee, C. (2022). Adolescent connectedness: Cornerstone for health and wellbeing. bmj, 379. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-069213
- Brennan, B. (2012). The Calgary public library: Inspiring life stories since 1912. Kingsley Publishing.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (2013). Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. The Psychology Notes HQ Online Resources for Psychology Students.
- Byun, G., Lee, G., & Ha, M. (2025). How public libraries reach out to adolescents: a study of adolescents’ perceptions of teen spaces in Korean public libraries. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2025.2455025
- Calgary Public Library. (n.d.). Teen engagement strategy. https://www.calgarylibrary.ca/assets/Teens-Engagement-Strategy-2022.pdf
- Canadian Federation of Library Associations. (2016). Access to information and communication technology (ICT). Canadian Federation of Library Associations. https://cfla-fcab.ca/en/guidelines-and-position-papers/access-to-information-and-communication-technology-ict/
- Canadian Urban Libraries Council (CULC). (2019). The role of public libraries in digital literacy: A report on access and skills development. Journal of Emerging Technology and Innovative Research 8(8). 502-505. CULC. http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2108666.pdf
- CLIP: Calgary Local Immigration Partnership (CLIP). (2023). CLIP 2023 newcomer survey report. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/59fa4b5cd0e628b24f1cfbba/t/665a32640d6064086ccaa0b9/1717187183764/CLIP+2023+Newcomer+Survey+Report_Final.pdf
- Dalmer, N., McKenzie, P., Rothbauer, P., Martin-Yeboah, E., & Oswald, K. (2022). "Palaces for the people": Mapping public libraries' capacity for social connection and inclusion. McMaster University. https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/bitstream/11375/28142/1/Dalmer_SSHRC_AsocialSociety_PalacesforthePeople.pdf
- DeJaeghere, J. G., McCleary, K. S., Josić, J. (2016). Conceptualizing youth agency. In J. DeJaeghere, J. Josić, K. McCleary (Eds.), Education and youth agency. Advancing responsible adolescent development (pp. 1-24). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33344-1_1
- Eden, C. A., Chisom, O. N., & Adeniyi, I. S. (2024). Cultural competence in education: strategies for fostering inclusivity and diversity awareness. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences, 6(3), 383-392. https://doi.org/10.51594/ijarss.v6i3.895
- Ferguson, S. (2012). Are public libraries developers of social capital? A review of their contribution and attempts to demonstrate it. The Australian Library Journal, 61(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2012.10722299
- Freeman, G. P. (2004). Immigrant incorporation in western democracies. International Migration Review 38(3): 945-969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb0022
- Jmal, N., & Ladisch, V. (2022). A voices-centered approach to transitional justice: Youth-led activism and artistic initiatives open spaces for broad community engagement. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 16(1), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijab039
- George, K., & Selimos, R. (2019). Building community connections: Youth programming in public libraries. Library Trends, 67(3), 360-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2017.1381834
- Gibson, A. N., & Hughes-Hassell, S. (2023). “Maybe she’s just strict to everybody”: Race, belonging, and surveillance in the library. The Library Quarterly, 93(3), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1086/725068
- Government of Canada. (1985). Canadian multiculturalism act. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-18.7/page-1.html
- Gray, D., & Manning, R. (2022). Constructing the places of young people in public space: Conflict, belonging and identity. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(4), 1400-1417. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12542
- Grossman, S., Agosto, D. E., Winston, M., Epstein, R. N. E., Cannuscio, C. C., Martinez-Donate, A., & Klassen, A. C. (2022). How public libraries help immigrants adjust to life in a new country: a review of the literature. Health Promotion Practice, 23(5), 804-816. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399211001064
- Gündemir, S., Martin, A. E., & Homan, A. C. (2019). Understanding diversity ideologies from the target's perspective: A review and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 282. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00282
- Horrigan, J. B. (2018). Libraries, trust and social capital. Urban Libraries Council. https://www.urbanlibraries.org/files/ULC_White-Papers_LIBRARIES-TRUST-AND-SOCIAL-CAPITAL.pdf
- Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. and Fuller, D. (2002). Thinking geographically: Space, theory and contemporary human geography. Continuum.
- Kern, M. L., Williams, P., Spong, C., Colla, R., Sharma, K., Downie, A., Taylor, J. A., Sharp, S., Siokou, C., & Oades, L. G. (2020). Systems informed positive psychology. Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(4), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1639799
- Lee, B. A., Neville, H. A., Hoang, T. M. H., Ogunfemi, N., & ParDane, A. N. (2023). Coming home: A grounded theory analysis of racial–ethnic–cultural belonging among students of color. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000520
- Leguina, A., Mihelj, S., & Downey, J. (2021). Public libraries as reserves of cultural and digital capital: Addressing inequality through digitalization. Library & Information Science Research, 43(3), 101103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2021.101103
- Maslow, A. H. (1967). A theory of meta motivation: The biological rooting of the value-life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 7(2), 93-127.
- Matthews, A. (2021). Reading the silence: Canadian library responses to racial injustice. The Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science, 44(1), 82-104. https://doi.org/10.5206/cjilsrcsib.v44i1.11008
- McKercher, K. A. (2020). Beyond sticky notes. Doing co-design for real: Mindsets, methods, and movements (1st ed.). Beyond Sticky Notes.
- Merga, M. K. (2021). Libraries as wellbeing supportive spaces in contemporary schools. Journal of Library Administration, 61(6), 659-675. https://doi.org/10.1080/01930826.2021.1947056
- Moore, M. Z. (2022). Fostering a sense of belonging using a multicontext approach. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 24(3), 703-720. http://doi.org/10.1177/1521025120944828.
- Munford, R., & Sanders, J. (2015). Young people’s search for agency: Making sense of their experiences and taking control. Qualitative Social Work, 14(5), 616-633. http://doi.org/ 10.1177/1473325014565149
- Okechukwu, N. N., Charity, O. K., & Jacinta, C. C. (2024). Integrating cultural diversity and inclusion in the acquisition of library resources and services for sustainable development of public libraries. The Progress: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 5(2), 34-47. https://doi.org/10.71016/tp/zcyd6h22
- Oldenburg, R. (1989). The great good place: Cafés, coffee shops, community centers, beauty parlors, general stores, bars, hangouts, and how they get you through the day. Paragon House.
- Palmer, M. (2022). Study of future public library trends & best practices. Public Library Quarterly, 41(1), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2020.1868224
- Peck, J., Kirk, C. P., Luangrath, A. W., & Shu, S. B. (2021). Caring for the commons: Using psychological ownership to enhance stewardship behavior for public goods. Journal of Marketing, 85(2), 33-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242920952084
- Purnomo, G. W., Wikandani, P. R., & Suprapto, A. (2024). Strengthening accessibility and inclusivity in libraries: The role of adaptive technology in supporting visually impaired users. Journal of Humanities Research Sustainability, 1(2), 84-106. https://doi.org/10.70177/jhrs.v1i2.1177
- Qu, Y. (2023). Stereotypes of adolescence: Cultural differences, consequences, and intervention. Child Development Perspectives, 17(3-4), 136-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12489
- Reginal, T. (2021, February 11). Providing better support to students of color: The importance of school climate, belonging, and well-being. https://www.urban.org/research/publication/providing-better-support-students-color-importance-school-climate-belonging-and-well-being
- Riley, K. (2019). Agency and belonging: What transformative actions can schools take to help create a sense of place and belonging?. Educational and Child Psychology, 36(4), 91-103. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10103208
- Roberson, C. A., Barefield, T., & Griffith, E. (2022). Students with disabilities and library services: Blending accommodation and universal design. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 48(4), 102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2022.102531
- Rodriguez, L. V. (2023). Adolescent immigrant youth: Creating spaces of belonging. Migration Studies, 11(2), 312-329. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnad004
- Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
- Statistics Canada. (2023a). Components of population change by census metropolitan area and census agglomeration, 2016 boundaries. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=1710013601#timeframe
- Statistics Canada. (2023b). Census of population. Census profile, 2021. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang= E
- Spencer M. B, Harpalani V., Cassidy E., Jacobs C. Y., Donde S., Goss T. N., . . . Wilson S. (2015). Understanding vulnerability and resilience from a normative developmental perspective: Implications for racially and ethnically diverse youth. In Cicchetti D., Cohen D. J. (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology: Theory and method (pp. 627–672). John Wiley & Sons.
- Summers, S. (2022). Participation, people and place: The role of public libraries in fostering connection and cultural capital in disadvantaged communities [Doctoral dissertation, University of Strathclyde]. STAX. https://core.ac.uk/reader/571224497
- Ţurcan, N. (2024). Transforming public libraries through strategic planning: a community-centered approach. Proceedings of Universitas Europaea: spre o societate a cunoașterii prin europenizare și globalizare, Moldova, 2, 241-248. https://doi.org/10.54481/uekbs2024.v2.44
- Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024-1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701599465
- Wadsworth, B., & Blackstock, C. (2011). The Blackfoot wisdom that inspired Maslow’s hierarchy. Resilience. https://www.resilience.org/stories/2021-06-18/the-blackfoot-wisdom-that-inspired-maslows-hierarchy/
- Wan, C., Chiu, C. Y., Peng, S., & Tam, K. P. (2007). Measuring cultures through intersubjective cultural norms: Implications for predicting relative identification with two or more cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297300
- Werner, D. W. (2024). The ecological map of adolescent athletes: Examining integrative care approaches. Sport Social Work Journal, 6(1), 131-154. https://doi.org/10.33043/2r584554
- Weigert, A. J. (1981). Sociology of everyday life. Longman.
- Wise, A., & Velayutham, S. (2009). Introduction: Multiculturalism and everyday life. In A. Wise & S. Velayutham (Eds.), Everyday multiculturalism (pp. 1-17). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/ 10.1057/9780230244474_1
- Zaff, J. F., et al. (2020). The role of community engagement in youth development. American Journal of Community Psychology. 6(4), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532480XADS0604_9

