Abstracts
Abstract
Libraries are reliant on knowledge organization systems such as the Library of Congress Subject Headings to make information accessible to users. This article draws on writing in critical librarianship to highlight areas, particularly involving the description of people, where the language of classification can perpetuate harm, dehumanization, and misunderstanding. It also charts progress and criticism of the way we classify gender and sexuality, disability, race, and immigration status. The paper uses the work of analytic philosophers Sally Haslanger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to highlight the problems of treating classification terms as neutral descriptive language rather than inherently political and social concepts. Haslanger’s project of ‘conceptual amelioration’ is used to frame the ways libraries can and should acknowledge that the way language is organized has real-world impacts on the way members of a community coordinate, or interact, with each other. Identifying the ways we privilege assumptions from the dominant white, settler, heteronormative mainstream culture and recognizing them as a trained set of symbols can help us make localized decisions about language that are better for our communities of learning, our colleagues, and our library users.
Keywords:
- academic libraries,
- essentialism,
- Library of Congress Subject Headings,
- knowledge organization,
- Sally Haslanger
Résumé
Les bibliothèques dépendent de systèmes d'organisation du savoir tels que les Library of Congress Subject Headings pour rendre l'information accessible aux utilisatrices et utilisateurs. Cet article s'appuie sur l'écriture en bibliothéconomie critique pour mettre en évidence des domaines, en particulier la description des personnes, où le langage de la classification peut perpétuer l'exclusion sociale, la déshumanisation et l'incompréhension. Le texte retrace également les progrès et les critiques dans la façon dont nous classifions le genre et la sexualité, le handicap, la race et le statut d'immigration. L'article utilise les travaux des philosophes analytiques Sally Haslanger et Ludwig Wittgenstein pour mettre en évidence les problèmes de traitement des termes de classification comme un langage descriptif neutre plutôt que comme des concepts intrinsèquement politiques et sociaux. Le projet d’« amélioration conceptuelle » de Haslanger est utilisé pour encadrer la manière dont les bibliothèques peuvent et doivent reconnaître que la façon dont la langue est organisée a des impacts réels sur la façon dont les membres d'une communauté se coordonnent ou interagissent entre elles. Identifier les façons dont nous privilégions les présupposés de la culture blanche, colonisatrice et hétéronormative dominante et les reconnaître comme un ensemble de symboles articulés peut nous aider à prendre des décisions localisées sur la langue qui conviennent mieux à nos communautés d'apprentissage, nos collègues et aux utilisatrices et utilisateurs de nos bibliothèques.
Mots-clés :
- bibliothèques universitaires,
- essentialisme,
- Library of Congress Subject Headings,
- organisation du savoir,
- Sally Haslanger
Appendices
Bibliography
- American Library Association. 2021. “ALA Welcomes Removal of Offensive ‘Illegal aliens’ Subject Headings.” November 12. https://www.ala.org/news/2021/11/ala-welcomes-removal-offensive-illegal-aliens-subject-headings.
- Belarde-Lewis, Miranda H., and Sarah R. Kostelecky. 2021. “Tribal Critical Race Theory in Zuni Pueblo: Information Access in a Cautious Community.” In Knowledge Justice: Disrupting Library and Information Studies through Critical Race Theory, edited by Sofia Y. Leung and Jorge R. Lopez-McKnight. MIT Press.
- Billey, Amber. 2021. “Recording Gender: An Ethical Cataloguing Conundrum.” Medium, Nov 18. https://medium.com/@amberbilley/recording-gender-an-ethical-cataloging-conundrum-1cee978c1186.
- Billey, Amber, Emily Drabinski and K.R. Roberto. 2014. “What’s Gender Got To Do With It? A Critique of RDA 9.7.” Cataloging & Classification Quarterly 52 (4): 412-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639374.2014.882465.
- Blueher, William, host. 2025. Catapod. Season 1, episode 7, “Violet B. Fox.” June 3. Podcast, 49 min., 1 sec. https://open.spotify.com/show/5FnkJsYx5wgAFApTyyKDTE.
- Bullard, Julia, Melissa Adler, Stacy Allison-Cassin, Sharon Farnel, and Ali Shiri. 2025. “Knowledge Organization in a Dangerous Time.” Panel at CAIS Conference, Halifax, NS, May 28. https://doi.org/10.29173/cais1931.
- Chiu, Anastasia, Fobazi M. Ettarh, and Jennifer A. Ferretti. 2021. “Not the Shark, but the Water: How Neutrality and Vocational Awe Intertwine to Uphold White Supremacy.” In Knowledge Justice: Disrupting Library and Information Studies through Critical Race Theory, edited by Sofia Y. Leung and Jorge R. Lopez-McKnight. MIT Press.
- Crilly, Jess. 2024. “Diversifying, Decentering and Decolonising Academic Libraries: A Literature Review.” New Review of Academic Librarianship 30 (2-3): 112-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2023.2287450.
- Critchley, Simon. 2001. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
- Dainton, Barry and Howard Robinson, eds. 2015. The Bloomsbury Companion to Analytic Philosophy. Bloomsbury Academic.
- D’amico, Robert. 2018. Contemporary Continental Philosophy. Taylor and Francis.
- Drabinski, Emily. 2019. “What is Critical about Critical Librarianship?” Art Libraries Journal 44 (2): 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/alj.2019.3.
- Ferretti, Jennifer A. 2020. “Building a Critical Culture: How Critical Librarianship Falls Short in the Workplace.” Communications in Information Literacy 14, no. (1): 134-152. https://doi.org/10.15760/comminfolit.2020.14.1.10.
- Fuss, Diana. 1989. Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature & Difference. Routledge.
- Hänel, Hilkje C. 2022. “Problems of Conceptual Amelioration: The Question of Rape Myths.” Journal of Social Philosophy 53 (4): 535-555. https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12381.
- Haslanger, Sally. 2020. “Going On, Not in the Same Way.” In Conceptual Engineering and Conceptual Ethics, edited by Alexis Burgess, Herman Cappelen, and David Plunkett. Oxford University Press.
- Haslanger, Sally. 2014. “Social Meaning and Philosophical Method.” Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association 88: 16-37. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43661469.
- Heyes, Cressida J. 2002. “‘Back to the Rough Ground!’: Wittgenstein, Essentialism, and Feminist Methods.” In Feminist Interpretations of Ludwig Wittgenstein, edited by Naomi Scheman and Peg O’Connor. Pennsylvania State University Press.
- Hjorland, Birger. 2011. “Toward a Theory of Aboutness, Subject, Topicality, Theme, Domain, Field, Content, and . . . Relevance.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 52 (9): 774-778. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.1131.
- Jacquette, Dale. 2014. “Later Wittgenstein’s Anti-Philosophical Therapy.” Philosophy 89 (348): 251–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819114000011.
- Jenson, Kelly. 2021. “Library of Congress Subject Heading Change Doesn’t Address the Real Issue.” Book Riot, November 15. https://bookriot.com/library-of-congress-subject-heading-change.
- Lam, Ryan Xia‐Hui. 2024. “Rethinking ‘family’: A call for conceptual amelioration.” Bioethics 38, 650–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.13333.
- Litwin, Rory. 2006. “Interview with Barbara Tillett.” Library Juice Press, August 9.https://litwinbooks.com/interview-with-barbara-tillett/.
- Lorde, Audre. 1984. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. The Crossing Press.
- Loyer, Jessie. 2018. “Indigenous Information Literacy: nêhiyaw Kinship Enabling Self-Care in Research.” The Politics of Theory and the Practice of Critical Librarianship, edited by Karen P. Nicholson and Maura Seale. Library Juice Press.
- Ma, Wai Yi. 2021. “Decolonizing Classification and Subject Headings in the Richard Flores Taitano Micronesian Area Research Center (MARC).” In The Collector and the Collected: Decolonizing Area Studies Librarianship, edited by Megan Browdorf, Erin Pappas, and Anna Arays. Library Juice Press.
- McLachlin, Hugh V. 1981.“Wittgenstein, Family Resemblances, and the Theory of Classification.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 1 (1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb012920.
- Olson, Mike. 2025. “Classification as Colonization: The Hidden Politics of Library Catalogs.” The Scholarly Kitchen, March 25. https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2025/03/25/guest-post-classification-as-colonization-the-hidden-politics-of-library-catalogs/.
- Pettit, Karl and Erin Elzi. 2023. “Unsettling the Library Catalog: A Case Study in Reducing the Presence of ‘Indians of North America’ and Similar Subject Headings.” Library Resources & Technical Services 67 (2): 44-52. https://doi.org/10.5860/lrts.67n2.4.
- Pinder, Mark. 2022.“Is Haslanger’s Ameliorative Project a Successful Conceptual Engineering Project?” Synthese 200 (4): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-022-03803-x.
- Program for Cooperative Cataloguing Ad Hoc Task Group on Recording Gender in Personal Name Authority Records. 2022. “Revised Report on Recording Gender in Personal Name Authority Records.” Library of Congress, April 7. https://www.loc.gov/aba/pcc/documents/gender-in-NARs-revised-report.pdf.
- Siebers, Tobin. 2008. Disability Theory. University of Michigan Press.
- Spade, Dean. 2011. Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law. South End Press.
- SPARC. 2023. “Respectful Terminologies Project for Indigenous People Launches in Canada.” SPARC News. March 26. https://sparcopen.org/news/2023/respectful-terminologies-project-for-indigenous-people-launches-in-canada/.
- Vendeville, Geoffrey. 2022. “By Improving Catalogues and Collections, U of T Librarians Aim to be Respectful of Indigenous Voices.” U of T News, June 20. https://www.utoronto.ca/news/improving-catalogues-and-collections-u-t-librarians-aim-be-respectful-indigenous-voices.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 2009. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by G.E.M Anscombe, P.M.S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1969. Preliminary Studies for the “Philosophical Investigations,” generally known as the Blue and Brown books. Blackwell.
- Wong, Desmond. 2021. “Acknowledging Indigenous Nationhood, Sovereignties: A Library's Obligation.” in The Collector and the Collected: Decolonizing Area Studies Librarianship, edited by Megan Browdorf, Erin Pappas, and Anna Arays. Library Juice Press.

