Abstracts
Abstract
Background: Goals of care (GOC) planning involves healthcare providers (HCPs) discussing patients’ health preferences, including code status options ranging from “full code” (cardiopulmonary resuscitation [CPR] and intubation) to “do not resuscitate (DNR)”. In 2008, Ontario introduced the Do Not Resuscitate Confirmation Form (DNR-CF), which permits first responders to withhold CPR when a valid form is present. Despite routine GOC conversations during hospital admissions, few physicians complete DNR-CFs to guide community-based emergency responders. Objective: We aimed to identify the completion rates and perceived barriers to completing DNR-CFs among general internists. Methods: We conducted an online survey of general internists at two Hamilton hospitals, followed by a focus group using a semi-structured interview guide. Results: Among 14 survey respondents, only 16.7% had completed a DNR-CF, despite all being familiar with the form. Main barriers included knowledge gaps, limited accessibility and uncertainty about responsibility. Focus group participants expressed concerns about the redundancy of completing the DNR-CFs in inpatient setting, the form’s validity overtime and medicolegal implications. Conclusion: Despite widespread familiarity with DNR-CFs, completion rates remain low due to systemic, provider-related, and ethical barriers. These findings raise ethical concerns about patient autonomy and potential for unwanted harms associated with resuscitative efforts. Strategies to address these challenges include improved provider education, clearer delineation of roles, and systemic support for GOC planning. Enhancing the completion of DNR-CFs can help ensure that patient wishes are respected, particularly in community emergencies, thereby upholding ethical standards in end-of-life care.
Keywords:
- goals of care planning,
- do not resuscitate,
- DNR,
- end-of-life care,
- confirmation forms,
- patient autonomy
Résumé
Contexte : La planification des objectifs de soins (ODS) implique que les prestataires de soins de santé discutent des préférences des patients en matière de santé, y compris des options d’état de code allant de « code complet » (réanimation cardio-pulmonaire [RCP] et intubation) à « ne pas réanimer » (NPR). En 2008, l’Ontario a introduit le formulaire de confirmation de non-réanimation (FC-NPR), qui permet aux premiers intervenants de ne pas pratiquer la RCP en présence d’un formulaire valide. Malgré les conversations de routine sur les ODS lors des admissions à l’hôpital, peu de médecins remplissent des FC-NPR pour guider les intervenants d’urgence de la communauté. Objectif : Nous avons cherché à identifier les taux d’achèvement et les obstacles perçus à l’achèvement des FC-NPR parmi les internistes généraux. Méthodes : Nous avons mené une enquête en ligne auprès d’internistes généraux de deux hôpitaux de Hamilton, suivie d’un groupe de discussion à l’aide d’un guide d’entretien semi-structuré. Résultats : Parmi les 14 répondants au sondage, seulement 16,7 % avaient rempli un FC-NPR, même s’ils connaissaient tous le formulaire. Les principaux obstacles étaient le manque de connaissances, l’accessibilité limitée et l’incertitude quant à la responsabilité. Les participants aux groupes de discussion ont exprimé des inquiétudes quant à la redondance des FC-NPR en milieu hospitalier, à la validité du formulaire en dehors des heures normales et aux implications médico-légales. Conclusion : Malgré une large connaissance des FC-NPR, les taux de remplissage restent faibles en raison d’obstacles systémiques, liés aux prestataires et d’ordre éthique. Ces résultats soulèvent des questions éthiques concernant l’autonomie des patients et les risques de préjudices indésirables associés aux mesures de réanimation. Les stratégies visant à relever ces défis comprennent une meilleure formation des prestataires, une délimitation plus claire des rôles et un soutien systémique à la planification des ODS. Améliorer le taux de remplissage des FC-NPR peut contribuer à respecter les souhaits des patients, en particulier dans les situations d’urgence communautaire, et ainsi à maintenir les normes éthiques en matière de soins de fin de vie.
Mots-clés :
- planification des objectifs de soins,
- ne pas réanimer,
- NPR,
- soins de fin de vie,
- formulaires de confirmation,
- autonomie du patient
Appendices
Bibliography
- 1. You JJ, Fowler RA, Heyland DK. Just ask: discussing goals of care with patients in hospital with serious illness. CMAJ. 2014;186(6):425-32.
- 2. Goldstein NE, Lynn J. Trajectory of end-stage heart failure: the influence of technology and implications for policy change. Perspect Biol Med. 2006;49(1):10-8.
- 3. Jankowska-Polańska B, Kasprzyk M, Chudiak A, Uchmanowicz I. Effect of disease acceptance on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adv Respir Med. 2016;84(1):3-10.
- 4. Taylor C, Bouldin E, Greenlund K, McGuire L. Comorbid chronic conditions among older adults with subjective cognitive decline, United States, 2015-2017. Innov Aging. 2020;4(1):igz045.
- 5. Ontario Ministry of Health. Death registrations in Ontario (by location). Government of Ontario; 2024.
- 6. Lynn J. Living long in fragile health: the new demographics shape end of life care. Hastings Cent Rep. 2005;35(7):S14-S18.
- 7. Scheid MS. Modern death: how medicine changed the end of life. Tex Heart Inst J. 2017;44(4):299-300.
- 8. Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Rocker GM, et al. Defining priorities for improving end-of-life care in Canada. CMAJ. 2010;182(16):E747-52.
- 9. Steel A, Owen L. Advance care planning: the who, what, when, where and why. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2020;81(2):1-6.
- 10. Myers J, Simon J. Advance care planning and goals of care discussions. In: MacDonald S, Herx L, Boyle A, editors. Palliative Medicine: A Case-Based Manual, 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2021. p. 1-12.
- 11. Myers J, Cosby R, Gzik D, et al. Provider tools for advance care planning and goals of care discussions: a systematic review. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2018;35(8):1123-32.
- 12. Scott I. Physicians need to take the lead in advance care planning. Intern Med J. 2014;44(5):399-405.
- 13. Levoy K, Salani DA, Buck H. A systematic review and gap analysis of advance care planning intervention components and outcomes among cancer patients using the transtheoretical model of health behavior change. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2019;57(1):118-39.e6.
- 14. Henrikson CA. Advance directives and surrogate decision making before death. NEJM 2010;363(3):295-6.
- 15. You JJ, Dodek P, Lamontagne F, et al. What really matters in end-of-life discussions? Perspectives of patients in hospital with serious illness and their families. CMAJ. 2014;186(18):E679-87.
- 16. Lipkus M, Manokara T, Aarsen K, Davis M. P086: Awareness and barriers to access of a Ministry of Health mandated ‘Do Not Resuscitate’ confirmation form: An interim analysis. CJEM. 2019;21(S1):S94-95.
- 17. Tsai E, Canadian Paediatric Society, Bioethics Committee. Advance care planning for paediatric patients. Paediatr Child Health. 2008;13(9):791-6.
- 18. Bailey KS. Person focused directives for end of life care in long term care (PFD-LTC). Doctoral thesis, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Lakehead University; 2018.
- 19. Cairney D. Palliative Care: “Maps” & “Issues”. Ontario Association of Community Care Access Centres Integrated Client Care Project; 2010.
- 20. Emergency Health Regulatory and Accountability Branch, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Basic Life Support Patient Care Standards. Version 3.2. 2019.
- 21. Earp M, Fassbender K, King S, et al. Association between Goals of Care Designation orders and health care resource use among seriously ill older adults in acute care: a multicentre prospective cohort study. CMAJ Open. 2022;10(4):E945-55.
- 22. Ogilvie L, Fassbender K, Wasylenko E, et al. P-6 Advance care planning and goals of care designation: Health care provider perspectives. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2015;5(Suppl 1):A44.
- 23. Kohen SA, Nair R. Improving hospital-based communication and decision-making about scope of treatment using a standard documentation tool. BMJ Open Qual. 2019;8(2):e000396.
- 24. Barwich D, Hoffmann C, Tayler C, Roberts D. International perspectives on advance care planning. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2011;1:67.
- 25. Borenko C, Simon J, Myers J, et al. Evolution and current state of Advance Care Planning in Canada. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes. 2023;180:36-42.
- 26. Wright AA, Zhang B, Ray A, et al. Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA. 2008;300(14):1665-73.
- 27. Detering KM, Hancock AD, Reade MC, Silvester W. The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;340:c1345.
- 28. Bernacki R, Paladino J, Neville BA, et al. Effect of the serious illness care program in outpatient oncology: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(6):751-9.
- 29. Bernacki RE, Block SD. Communication about serious illness care goals: a review and synthesis of best practices. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1994-2003.
- 30. Billings JA, Bernacki R. Strategic targeting of advance care planning interventions: the Goldilocks phenomenon. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(4):620-4.
- 31. Cernasev A, Axon DR. Research and scholarly methods: Thematic analysis. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2023;6(7):751-5.
- 32. McFadden J. New do not resuscitate confirmation forms in effect. Miller Thomson LLP Communique for the Health Industry. 13 Mar 2008.
- 33. Mengual RP, Feldman MJ, Jones GR. Implementation of a novel prehospital advance directive protocol in southeastern Ontario. CJEM. 2007;9(4):250-9.
- 34. Wahl JA, Partner M, Walton T. Health care consent, advance care planning, and goals of care practice tools: the challenge to get it right. Law Commission of Ontario. Dec 2016.
- 35. You JJ, Downar J, Fowler RA, et al. Barriers to goals of care discussions with seriously ill hospitalized patients and their families: a multicenter survey of clinicians. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):549-56.
- 36. You JJ, Aleksova N, Ducharme A, et al. Barriers to goals of care discussions with patients who have advanced heart failure: results of a multicenter survey of hospital-based cardiology clinicians. J Card Fail. 2017;23(11):786-93.
- 37. Rosenberg LB, Greenwald J, Caponi B, et al. Confidence with and barriers to serious illness communication: a national survey of hospitalists. J Palliat Med. 2017;20(9):1013-9.
- 38. Ethier J-L, Paramsothy T, Gandhi S. Barriers to goals of care discussions with patients with advanced cancer and their families: A multicenter survey of oncologists. J Clin Oncol; 2015;33(Suppl):e20538.
- 39. Nair D, El-Sourady M, Bonnet K, Schlundt DG, Fanning JB, Karlekar MB. Barriers and facilitators to discussing goals of care among nephrology trainees: a qualitative analysis and novel educational intervention. J Palliat Med. 2020;23(8):1045-51.
- 40. Kim A, Gordon P. Why does it feel different? Provider moral distress in removing unwanted aggressive intervention for conscious patients (TH123B). J Pain Symptom Manage. 2023;65(3):e520.
- 41. Von Roenn JH. Critically ill patients’ preferences regarding aggressive medical interventions: can we hear the patient’s voice? JAMA Oncol. 2016;2(1):83-4.
- 42. Baker DW. Trust in health care in the time of COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;324(23):2373-75.
- 43. Cifrese L, Rincon F. Futility and patients who insist on medically ineffective therapy. Semin Neurol. 2018;38(5):561-68.