Abstracts
Résumé
Les auteurs de cet article discutent de deux points de vue différents sur les médicaments. Leurs propres recherches ainsi que d’autres études indiquent une grande popularité des médicaments dans les sociétés prospères comme dans les sociétés pauvres. Ils sont parvenus cependant à constater en même temps une attitude plus sceptique et réticente vis-à-vis des médicaments pharmaceutiques. Ils perçoivent ce scepticisme comme l’expression émergente d’une sorte de politique médicinale, qui se formule en termes de catégories individuelles et culturelles. Cette étude examine les raisons de la popularité mondiale des médicaments, et suggère ensuite que certains de ces mêmes facteurs peuvent aider à comprendre certaines réticences dans d’autres circonstances.
Mots clés:
- Sjaak van der Geest,
- Susan Reynolds Whyte,
- médicaments pharmaceutiques,
- popularité,
- scepticisme,
- efficacité,
- ambiguïté
Abstract
The authors contrast and discuss two views on medical drugs. Their own research and studies by others point at the wide popularity of pharmaceuticals in both high income and poor societies. At the same time, however, they came across evidence of a counter view: a more sceptical and reluctant attitude towards pharmaceuticals. They see scepticism about biomedical drugs as a kind of incipient medicinal politics, formulated in both individual and cultural categorical terms. The paper reviews the reasons for the worldwide popularity of drugs, and then suggests that some of the same factors may help to understand reluctance to use them in other circumstances.
Key words:
- Sjaak van der Geest,
- Susan Reynolds Whyte,
- pharmaceutical drugs,
- popularity,
- scepticism,
- efficiency,
- ambiguity
Appendices
Références
- Abraham J., 1995, Science, Politics and the Pharmaceutical Industry : Controversy and Bias in Drug Regulation. Londres, University College Press.
- Afdhal A. F. et R. L. Welsch, 1988, « The Rise of the Modern Jamu Industry in Indonesia : a Preliminary Overview » : 149-172, in S. van der Geest et S. R. Whyte (dir.), The Context of Medicines in Developing Countries : Studies in Pharmaceutical Anthropology. Dordrecht, Kluwer.
- Alland A., 1970, Adaptation in Cultural Evolution : An Approach to Medical Anthropology. New York, Columbia University Press.
- Bierlich B., 2000, « Injections and the Fear of Death : An Essay on the Limits of Biomedicine among the Dagomba of Northern Ghana », Social Science & Medicine, 50 : 703-713.
- Birungi H., 1994, The Domestication of Injections : a Study of Social Relations of Health Care in Busoga, Eastern Uganda. Thèse de doctorat. Institute of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhague.
- Bleek W. et K. Asante-Darko, 1986, « Illegal Abortion in Southern Ghana : Methods, Motives and Consequences », Human Organization, 45 : 333-344.
- Bode M., 1998, « On the Consumption of Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals in India : Extracting the Poison of Modernization » : 361-371, in A. Gevers (dir.), Uit de Zevende : Vijftig Jaar Politieke en Sociaal-culturele Wetenschappen aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Het Spinhuis.
- —, 2002, « Indian Indigenous Pharmaceuticals : Tradition, Modernity and Nature » : 187-207, in W. Ernst (dir.), Plural Medicine : Orthodox and Heterodox Medicine in Western and Colonial Countries During the l9th and 20th Centuries. Londres, Routledge.
- Britten N., 1996, « Lay Views of Drugs and Medicines : Orthodox and Unorthodox Accounts » : 48-73, in S. J. Williams et M. Cainan (dir.), Modern Medicine : Lay Perspectives and Experiences. Londres, University College London Press.
- Browner C. H., 1985, « Traditional Techniques for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Pregnancy in Cali, Colombia » : 99-124, in L. F. Newman (dir.), Women’s Medicine : A Cross Cultural Study of Indigenous Fertility Regulation. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
- Bruun B., 2002, Service of the Engine : Pharmaceuticals, Moralities and Sex in a Malawian Fishing Village. Mémoire de maîtrise, Institute of Anthropology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhague.
- Cassel E. J., 1976, « Disease as an “It” : Concepts of Disease Revealed by Patients’ Representations of Symptoms », Social Science and Medicine, 10 : 143-146.
- Cockburn J. et S. Pitt, 1997, « Prescribing Behaviour in Clinical Practice : Patients’ Expectations and Doctors’ Perceptions of Patients’ Expectations – A Questionnaire Study », British Medical Journal, 315 : 520-523.
- Conrad P., 1985, « The Meaning of Medications : Another Look at Compliance », Social Science & Medicine, 20 : 29-38.
- Cosminsky S. et M. Scrimshaw, 1980, « Medical Pluralism on a Guatemalan Plantation », Social Science & Medicine, 14B : 267-278.
- Delvecchio Good M.-J., 1980, « Of Blood and Babies : The Relationships of Popular Islamic Physiology to Fertility », Social Science & Medicine, 14B, 3 : 147-156.
- Fadiman A., 1997, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. New York, Noonday Press.
- Gevitz N., 1993, « Unorthodox Medical Theories » : 603-633, in W. F. Bynum et R. Porter (dir.), Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. Londres, Routledge.
- Good B., 1977, « The Heart of What’s the Matter : The Semantics of Illness in Iran ». Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1, 1 : 25-58.
- Haafkens J., 1997, Rituals of Silence : Long-term Tranquillizer Used by Women in the Netherlands : A Social Case Study. Amsterdam, Het Spinhuis.
- Haak H., 1988, « Pharmaceuticals in Two Brazilian Villages : Lay Practices and Perceptions », Social Science & Medicine, 27, 12 : 1415-1427.
- Hardon A., 1991, Confronting III Health : Medicines, Self-Care and the Poor in Manila. Quezon City, Health Action Information Network.
- —, 1992, « Consumers Versus Producers : Power Play Behind the Scenes » : 48-64, in N. Kanji, A. Hardon, J. W. Harnmeijer, M. Mamdani et G. Walt (dir.), Drugs Policy in Developing Countries. Londres, Zed Books.
- —, 1995, « Dealing with Ambiguity Constructively : Women and the Contraceptive Pill » : 35-40, in S. van der Geest (dir.), Ambivalentie/Ambiguïteit : Antropologische Notities. Amsterdam, Het Spinhuis.
- Illich I., 1976, Limits to Medicine. Medical Nemesis : The Expropriation of Health. Harmonds-worth, Penguin.
- Iliffe J., 1998, East African Doctors. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
- Kamat V. R. et M. Nichter, 1997, « Monitoring Product Movement : An Ethnographic Study of Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives in Bombay, India » : 124-140, in S. Bennett, B. McPake et A. Mills (dir.), Private Health Providers in Developing Countries : Serving the Public Interest? Londres, Zed Books.
- Konde-Lule J. K., M. Musagara et S. Musgrave, 1993, « Focus Group Interviews about AIDS in Rakai District of Uganda », Social Science & Medicine, 37, 5 : 679-684.
- Koster W., 2003, Secret Strategies : Women and Abortion in Yoruba Society, Nigeria. Amsterdam, Aksant.
- Little P.et al., 2001, « Preferences of Patient Centered Approach to Consultation in Primary Care : Observational Study », British Medical Journal, 322 : 468-472.
- Martindale W., 1977, Martindale. The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 27e édition. Londres, The Pharmaceutical Press.
- Medawar C., 1979, Insult or Injury? An Enquiry into the Marketing and Advertising of British Food and Drug Products in the Third World. Londres, Social Audit Ltd.
- Melrose D., 1982, Bitter Pills : Medicines and the Third World Poor. Oxford, OXFAM.
- Melville A. et C. Johnson, 1982, Cured to Death : The Effects of Prescription Drugs. Londres, Secker and Warburg.
- Muller M., 1982, The Health of Nations : A North-South Investigation. Londres, Faber and Faber.
- Ngubane H., 1977, Body and Mind in Zulu Medicine. Londres, Academic Press.
- Nichter M. et M. Nichter, 1996, Anthropology and International Health : Asian Case Studies. Amsterdam, Gordon and Breach.
- Nichter M. et C. Nordstrom, 1989, « A Question of Medicine Answering : Health Commodifï-cation and the Social Relations of Health in Sri Lanka », Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 13, 4 : 367-390.
- Nichter M. et N. Vuckovic, 1994, « Agenda for an Anthropology of Pharmaceutical Practice », Social Science & Medicine, 39, 11 : 1509-1525.
- Oths K. S., 1992, « Some Symbolic Dimensions of Andean Materia Medica », Central Issues in Anthropology, 10 : 76-85.
- Reeler A., 1996, Money and Friendship : Modes of Empowerment in Thai Health Care. Amsterdam, Het Spinhuis.
- Rhodes L. A., 1984, « This Will Clear Your Mind : The Use of Metaphors for Medication in Psychiatric Settings », Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 8 : 49-70.
- Senah K. A., 1997, « Money Be Man » : The Popularity of Medicines in a Rural Ghanaian Community. Amsterdam, Het Spinhuis.
- Silverman M. et P. R. Lee, 1974, Pills. Profits and Politics. Berkeley, University of California Press.
- Silverman M., P. R. Lee et M. Lydecker, 1982, Prescriptions for Death : the Drugging of the Third World. Berkeley, University of California Press.
- Sringernyuang L., 2000, Availability and Use of Medicines in Rural Thailand. Thèse de doctorat en anthropologie de la médecine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
- Steffen V., à paraître, « Challenging Control – Creating Uncertainty : Antabuse Medication in Denmark », in R. Jenkins, H. Jessen et V. Steffen (dir.), Matters of Life and Death : The Control of Uncertainty and the Uncertainty of Control. Copenhague, Museum Tusculanum Press.
- Sukkary-Stolba S., 1985, « Indigenous Fertility Regulating Methods in Two Egyptian Villages: 77-97, in L. F. Newman (dir.), Women’s Medicine : A Cross- Cultural Study of Indigenous Fertility Regulation. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
- Sussman L. K., 1988, « The Use of Herbal and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals on Mauritius, 199-215 », in S. van der Geest et S. R. Whyte (dir.), The Context of Medicines in Developing Countries : Studies in Pharmaceutical Anthropology. Dordrecht, Kluwer.
- Tan M. L., 1999, Good Medicine : Pharmaceuticals and the Construction of Power and Knowledge in the Philippines. Amsterdam, Het Spinhuis.
- Taylor C. C., 1988, « The Concept of Flow in Rwandan Popular Medicine », Social Science & Medicine, 27 :1343-1348.
- Taylor R., 1978, Medicine Out of Control : The Anatomy of a Malignant Technology. Melbourne, Sun Books.
- Trostle J. A., 1988, « Doctors’ Orders and Patients’ Self-Interest » : 57-69, in D. Schmidt et I. E. Leppik (dir.), Compliance in Epilepsy. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
- Van der Geest S., 1982, « The Efficiency of Inefficiency : Medicine Distribution in South Cameroon », Social Science & Medicine, 16 : 2145-2153.
- —, 1987, « Self-care and the Informal Sale of Drugs in South Cameroon », Social Science & Medicine, 25, 3 : 293-305.
- —, 1988, « The Articulation of Formal and Informal Medicine Distribution in South Cameroon »: 131-148, in S. van der Geest et S. R. Whyte (dir.), The Context of Medicines in Developing Countries : Studies in Pharmaceutical Anthropology. Dordrecht, Kluwer.
- —, 1991, « Marketplace Conversations in Cameroon : How and Why Popular Medical Knowledge Comes into Being », Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 15 : 69-90.
- Van der Geest S. et S. R. White, 1989, « The Charm of Medicines : Metaphors and Metonyms », Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 3, 4 : 345-367.
- Van Dongen E., 1990, « Middelen van Onderdrukking en Verzet : De Sociale Betekenis van Medicijnen in een Psychiatrische Afdeling », Medische Antropologie, 2, 1 : 39-50.
- Van Staa A., 1993, Myth and Metronidazole in Manila. The Popularity of Drugs among Prescribers and Dispensers in the Treatment of Diarrhoea. Mémoire de maîtrise en anthropologie, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
- Verbeek Heida P. M., 1998, « Vrouwen en de Zorg voor Geneesmiddelen, 1898-1998 » : 107-121, in R. van Daalen et M. Gijswijt-Hofstra (dir.), Gezond en Wel. Vrouwen en de Zorg voor Gezondheid in de Twintigste Eeuw. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.
- Vuckovic N. et M. Nichter, 1997, « Changing Patterns of Pharmaceutical Practice in the United States », Social Science & Medicine, 44 : 1285-1302.
- Whyte S. R., 1982, « Penicillin, Battery Acid and Sacrifice : Cures and Causes in Nyole Medicine », Social Science & Medicine, 16 : 2055-2064.
- —, 1988, « The Power of Medicines in East Africa »: 217-233, in S. van der Geest et S. R. Whyte (dir.), The Context of Medicines in Developing Countries : Studies in Pharmaceutical Anthropology. Dordrecht, Kluwer.
- —, 1992, « Pharmaceuticals as Folk Medicine : Transformations in the Social Relations of Health Care in Uganda », Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 16 : 163-186.
- Whyte S. R., S. van der Geest et A. Hardon, 2002, Social Lives of Medicines. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.