Abstracts
Abstract
The Eight Mile Brook Plutonic Suite (EMBPS) consists of co-mingled gabbroic, syenitic, and granitic rocks that intruded Tonian rocks of the Mount Thom Formation and Mount Ephraim Plutonic Suite at the southeastern edge of the Mount Ephraim block in the Cobequid Highlands. It is unconformably overlain by or in faulted contact with Carboniferous sedimentary rocks. In situ dating of zircon in three samples by laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) yielded Early Ordovician concordia and weighted mean 207Pb/238U ages of about 480 Ma. Age and chemical similarities among the EMBPS, West Barneys River Plutonic Suite in the Antigonish Highlands, and the Cape Porcupine Complex suggest that all are closely related and formed by magma fractionation processes during an event that occurred between ca. 481 and 466 Ma based on previously published U–Pb zircon ages from thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The magmatism may be a far-field effect of subduction, a localized area of extension or a hot spot. Chemical and age differences between these plutonic suites and the bimodal volcanic Dunn Point and McGillivray Brook formations in the northwestern Antigonish Highlands suggest that the magmatism in these units may not be directly related. Minor gabbroic and syenitic intrusions in the northern Antigonish Highlands are undated but show chemical differences from the dated magmatic rocks and hence may not be related.
Keywords:
- Eight Mile Brook Plutonic Suite,
- Ordovician alkalic magmatism,
- Avalonia
Résumé
Le cortège plutonique du ruisseau Eight Mile (CPREM) est composé de roches gabbroïques, syénitiques et granitiques mélangées qui ont pénétré les roches toniennes de la Formation de Mount Thom et du cortège plutonique du mont Ephraim, sur la bordure sud-est du bloc du mont Ephraim dans les hautes terres de Cobequid. Il est recouvert en discordance ou en contact faillé par des roches sédimentaires carbonifères. Une datation in situ de zircons dans trois échantillons obtenus par ablation laser et spectrométrie de masse à plasma inductif (LA-ICP-MS) a livré des âges Concordia et moyens pondérés 207Pb/238U de l’Ordovicien précoce d’environ 480 Ma. Les similitudes d’âge et de composition chimique entre le CPREM, le cortège plutonique de la rivière West Barneys dans les hautes terres d’Antigonish et le complexe du cap Porcupine laissent supposer que ces unités sont toutes étroitement apparentées et ont été formées par des processus de différenciation magmatique dans le cadre d’un événement survenu entre environ 481 et 466 Ma, selon des datations U-Pb sur zircon à partir de spectrométrie de masse à ionisation thermique précédemment publiées. Le magmatisme pourrait représenter un effet distal de la subduction, une zone localisée d’extension ou un point chaud. Les différences chimiques et les différences d’âge entre ces cortèges plutoniques et les formations volcaniques bimodales de la pointe Dunn et du ruisseau McGillivray, dans le nord-ouest des hautes terres d’Antigonish, permettent de déduire que le magmatisme de ces unités pourrait ne pas être directement lié. Les modestes intrusions gabbroïques et syénitiques dans le nord des hautes terres d’Antigonish ne sont pas datées, mais elles présentent des différences chimiques par rapport aux roches magmatiques datées et pourraient en conséquence ne pas être apparentées.
Mots-clés :
- Suite plutonique de Eight Mile Brook,
- magmatisme alcalin ordovicien,
- Avalonia
Appendices
Bibliography
- Archibald, D.B. 2012. Field relationships, petrography, and tectonic setting of the Ordovician West Barneys River Plutonic Suite, Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, 275 p.
- Archibald, D.B., Barr, S.M., Murphy, J.B., White, C.E., Escarraga, E.A., Hamilton, M.A., C.R.M. MacFarlane, C.R.M., and MacHattie, T.G. 2013. Field relations, petrology, and tectonic setting of the Ordovician West Barneys River plutonic suite, southern Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 50, pp. 727–745. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0158
- Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Ketchum, J.W.F. 2012. The Cape Porcupine Complex, northern mainland Nova Scotia - no longer a geological orphan. Atlantic Geology, 48, pp. 70–85. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2012.004
- Barr, S.M., White, C.E., van Rooyen, D., Smith, A.M., Davies, T., Linnemann, U., Zieger, J., and Zieger-Hofmann, M. 2025. The Cobequid Highlands of northern mainland Nova Scotia, Canada: A unique part of Avalonia. In GAC-MAC-IAH-CNC 2025 Ottawa Meeting: Abstracts, 48. Geoscience Canada, 52, in press.
- Bickerton, L. 2011. The origin of Ordovician plutonic rocks in the northern Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Unpublished B.Sc. Thesis, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, p. 83.
- Bickford, M.E., Van Schmus, W.R., Karlstrom, K.E., Mueller, P.A., and Kamenov, G.D. 2015. Mesoproterozoic-trans-Laurentian magmatism: A synthesis of continent-wide age distributions, new SIMS U–Pb ages, zircon saturation temperatures, and Hf and Nd isotopic compositions. Precambrian Research, 265, pp. 286–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2014.11.024
- Bonin, B. 2007. A-type granites and related rocks: evolution of a concept, problems and prospects. Lithos, 97, pp. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.12.007
- Chapman, N.D., Ferguson, M., Meffre, S.J., Stepanov, A., Maas, R., and Ehrig, K.J. 2019. Pb-isotopic constraints on the source of A-type suites: insights from the Hiltaba Suite–Gawler Range Volcanics Magmatic Event, Gawler Craton, South Australia. Lithos, 346–347, Article no. 105156, 18 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105156
- Cocks, L.R.M. and Torsvik, T.H. 2021. Ordovician palaeogeography and climate change. Gondwana Research, 100, pp. 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.09.008
- Collins, W.J., Murphy, J.B., Blereau, E., and Huang, H-Q. 2021. Water availability controls crustal melting temperatures. Lithos, 402, 106351, 10 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106351
- Dall'Agnol, R. and Carvalho de Oliveira, D. 2007. Oxidized, magnetite-series, rapakivi-type granites of Carajás, Brazil: Implications for classification and petrogenesis of A-type granites. Lithos, 93, pp. 215–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2006.03.065
- Davies, T., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and van Rooyen, D. 2025. Geology and tectonic setting of the Farmington formation (Jeffers Group) and associated plutons, Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada. 51st Colloquium and Annual General Meeting 2025. Atlantic Geoscience Society abstracts. Atlantic Geoscience, 61, p. 120.
- DePaolo, D.J. 1988. Neodymium isotope geochemistry: an introduction. Springer Verlag, New York. 187 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48916-7
- Domeier, M. 2016. A plate tectonic scenario for the Iapetus and Rheic oceans, Gondwana Research, 36, pp. 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.08.003
- Donohoe, H.V. and Wallace, P.I. 1982a. Geological map of the Cobequid Highlands, Colchester, Cumberland and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Sheet 1 of 4. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy Map ME 1982-6, scale 1:50 000.
- Donohoe, H.V. and Wallace, P.I. 1982b. Geological map of the Cobequid Highlands, Colchester, Cumberland and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Sheet 2 of 4. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy Map ME 1982-7, scale 1:50 000.
- Donohoe, H.V. and Wallace, P.I. 1982c. Geological map of the Cobequid Highlands, Colchester, Cumberland and Pictou Counties, Nova Scotia. Sheet 3 of 4. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy Map ME 1982-8, scale 1:50 000.
- Donohoe, H.V. and Wallace, P.I. 1982d. Geological map of the Cobequid Highlands, Colchester, Cumberland, and Pictou counties, Nova Scotia. Sheet 4 of 4. Nova Scotia Department of Mines and Energy, Map 1982-9, scale 1:50 000.
- Eby, G.N. 1990. The A-type granitoids: a review of their occurrence and chemical characteristics and speculations their petrogenesis. Lithos, 26, pp. 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(90)90043-Z
- Eby, G.N. 1992. Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids: petrogenetic and tectonic implications. Geology, 20, pp. 641–644. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0641:CSOTAT>2.3.CO;2
- Escarraga, E.A., Barr, S.M., Murphy, J.B., and Hamilton, M.A. 2012. Ordovician A-type plutons in the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, pp. 329–345. https://doi.org/10.1139/e11-026
- Frost, C.D. and Frost, B.R. 2011. On ferroan (A-type) granitoids: their compositional variability and modes of origin. Journal of Petrology, 52, pp. 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq070
- Frost, B.R., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Arculus, R.J., Ellis, D.J., and Frost, C.D. 2001. A geochemical classification for granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42, pp. 2033–2048. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.11.2033
- Goldstein, S.L., O'Nions, R.K., and Hamilton, P.J. 1984. A Sm–Nd isotopic study of atmospheric dusts and particulates from major river systems. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 70, pp. 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90007-4
- Hamilton, M.A. and Murphy, J.B. 2004. Tectonic significance of a Llanvirn age for the Dunn Point volcanic rocks, Avalon terrane, Nova Scotia: implications for the evolution of Iapetus and Rheic oceans. Tectonophysics, 379, pp. 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2003.11.006
- Herriott, T.M., Crowley, J.L., Schmitz, M.D., Wartes, M.A., and Robert J. Gillis, R.J. 2019. Exploring the law of detrital zircon: LA-ICP-MS and CA-TIMS geochronology of Jurassic forearc strata, Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA. Geology, 47, pp. 1044–1048. https://doi.org/10.1130/G46312.1
- Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C.R., Rankin, D., and Williams H. 2006. Lithotectonic map of the Appalachian orogen (north), Canada–United States of America. Geological Survey of Canada Map 02041A, 1 sheet, scale 1:1 500 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/221912
- Howard, B.L., Sharman, G.R., Crowley, J.L., and Wersan, E.R. 2025. The leaky chronometer: evidence for systematic cryptic Pb loss in laser ablation U–Pb dating of zircon relative to CA-TIMS. Terra Nova, 37, pp. 19–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12742
- Hyndman, R.D. 2015. Tectonic Consequences of a uniformly hot backarc and why is the Cordilleran Mountain Belt high? Geoscience Canada, 42, pp. 383–402. https://doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2015.42.078
- Hyndman, R.D. 2023. The thermal regime of NW Canada and Alaska, and tectonic and seismicity consequences. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 24, e2022GC010570, 33 p. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010570
- Keppie, J.D., Dostal, J., and Zentilli, M. 1978. Petrology of the Early Silurian Dunn Point and McGillivray Brook formations, Arisaig, Nova Scotia; Nova Scotia Department of Mines, Paper 78-5, 20 p.
- Large, S.J.E., Wotzlaw, J-F., Guillong, M., von Quadt, A., and Heinrich, C.A. 2022. Resolving the timescales of magmatic and hydrothermal processes associated with porphyry deposit formation using zircon U–Pb petrochronology. Geochronology, 2, pp. 209–230. https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-209-2020
- LeBlanc, M.T. 2023. Zircon petrochronology and the enrichment of critical elements in igneous rocks: a study of the West Barneys River Plutonic Suite. Unpublished B.Sc. thesis, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia 42 p.
- Ludwig, K.R. 2003. User's manual for Isoplot 3.00: a geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center Special Publication 4, 74 p.
- Ludwig, K.R. 2012. Isoplot 4.15: A geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel. Berkeley Geochronological Center.
- MacHattie, T.G., and White, C.E. 2012. A new geological interpretation of the eastern Cobequid Highlands, northern Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, Open File Illustration 018.
- MacHattie, T.G. and White, C.E. 2013. Preliminary bedrock geology of the eastern Cobequid Highlands, northern mainland Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geoscience Society 39th Annual General Meeting, February 1–2, 2013, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 49, p. 37 p.
- MacHattie, T.G. and White, C. E. 2014a. Preliminary geology of the eastern Cobequid Highlands, northern mainland Nova Scotia. In Report of Activities 2012. Edited by D.R. MacDonald and E.W. MacDonald. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch Report ME 2013-001, pp. 27–43.
- MacHattie, T.G. and White, C.E. 2014b. Bedrock mapping in the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, Open File Illustration 2014-013.
- MacHattie, T.G., White, C.E., Beresford, V., and Reid, M. 2013. The eastern Cobequid Highlands: redefined geology and economic potential, Part 1 and 2. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, Open File Illustrations 2013-016 and 017.
- MacHattie, T.G., White, C.E., Beresford, V.P., and Reid, M. 2014. An update of bedrock mapping in the eastern Cobequid Highlands, northern mainland Nova Scotia. In Mineral Resources Branch, Report of Activities 2013. Edited by D.R. MacDonald and E.W. MacDonald. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Report ME 2014-001, pp. 145–156.
- McFarlane, C.R.M. and Luo, Y. 2012. Modern analytical facilities: U–Pb geochronology using 193 nm Excimer LAI-CP-MS optimized for in-situ accessory mineral dating in thin sections. Geoscience Canada, 39, pp. 158–172.
- Meschede, M. 1986. A method of discriminating between different types of mid-ocean ridge basalts and continental tholeiites with the Nb-Zr-Y diagram. Chemical Geology, 56, pp. 207−218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90004-5
- Murphy, J.B. 1987. Petrology of Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian rocks of the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24, pp. 752–759. https://doi.org/10.1139/e87-073
- Murphy, J.B. and Dostal, J. 2007. Continental mafic magmatism of different ages in the same terrane: constraints on the evolution of an enriched mantle source. Geology, 35, pp. 335–338. https://doi.org/10.1130/G23072A.1
- Murphy, J.B., Keppie, J.D., Nance, R.D. and Dostal, J. 1990. The Avalon composite terrane of Nova Scotia. In Avalonian and Cadomian geology of the North Atlantic. Edited by R.A. Strachan and G.K. Taylor. Blackie, USA. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp. 195–213.
- Murphy, J.B., Keppie, J.D. and Hynes, A.J. 1991. The geology of the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 89-10, 115 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/132458
- Murphy, J.B., Keppie, J.D., Dostal, J., Waldron, J.W.F., and Cude, M-P. 1996. Geochemical and isotopic constraints on the accretion of the Avalonia in the Appalachian–Caledonide orogen: evidence from Early Silurian clastic sequences in Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33, pp. 379–388. https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-028
- Murphy, J.B., Pe-Piper, G., Nance, R.D., Turner, D., and Piper, D.J.W. 2000. Geology, eastern Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia: Geological Survey of Canada Open File 3703, scale 1:50 000. https://doi.org/10.4095/211800
- Murphy, J.B., Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., Nance, R.D., and Doig, R. 2001. Geology of the eastern Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 556, 61 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/212805
- Murphy, J.B., Dostal, J., and Keppie, J.D. 2008. Neoproterozoic–Early Devonian magmatism in the Antigonish Highlands, Avalon terrane, Nova Scotia: tracking the evolution of the mantle and crustal sources during the evolution of the Rheic Ocean. Tectonophysics, 461, pp. 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.02.003
- Murphy, J.B., Hamilton, M.A., and LeBlanc, B. 2012. Tectonic significance of the late Ordovician silicic magmatism, Avalon terrane, northern Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, pp. 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1139/e11-012
- Murphy, J.B., Archibald, D.B., Nance, R.D., and Waldron, J.W.F. 2025. Ordovician magmatism in the Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: a tectonic model. Atlantic Geoscience, 61, pp. 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2025.001
- North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature [NACSN]. 2021. North American Stratigraphic Code. Stratigraphy, 18(3), pp. 153–204. https://doi.org/10.29041/strat.18.3.01
- Pearce, J.A. 1996. A users guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12. Edited by D.A. Wyman. pp. 79–113.
- Pearce, J.A. and Cann, J.R. 1973. Tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks determined using trace element analyses. Earth and planetary science letters, 19, pp. 290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(73)90129-5
- Pearce, J.A. and Norry, M.J. 1979. Petrogenetic implications of Ti, Zr, Y, and Nb variations in volcanic rocks. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, pp. 33–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375192
- Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.W., and Tindle, A.G. 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25, pp. 956–983. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956
- Pe-Piper, G. and Piper, D.J.W. 2002. A synopsis of the geology of the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 38, pp. 145–160. https://doi.org/10.4138/1259
- Pe-Piper, G. and Piper, D.J.W. 2005. Bedrock geology map of the Earltown area (parts of NTS sheets 11E/06, 11E/10 and 11E/11), Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, Open File Map ME 2005-117, scale 1:50 000.
- Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., McFarlane, C.R.M., Sangster, C., Zhang, Y., and Boucher, B. 2018. Petrology, chronology and sequence of vein systems: Systematic magmatic and hydrothermal history of a major intracontinental shear zone, Canadian Appalachians. Lithos, 304–307, 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.02.016
- Rämö, O.T., Andersen, T., and Whitehouse, M.J. 2022. Timing and petrogenesis of the Permo-Carboniferous Larvik Plutonic Complex, Oslo Rift, Norway: new insights from U–Pb, Lu–Hf, and O isotopes in zircon. Journal of Petrology, 63, pp. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egac116
- Scotese, C.R. 2023. Ordovician plate tectonic and palaeogeographical maps. In A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1. Edited by D.A.T. Harper, B. Lefebvre, I.G. Percival, and T. Servais. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 532, pp. 91–110. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-311
- Steiger, R.H. and Jäger, E. 1977. Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo- and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 36, pp. 359–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(77)90060-7
- Streckeisen, A. 1976. To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth-Science Reviews, 12, pp. 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(76)90052-0
- Streckeisen, A. and Le Maitre, R.W. 1979. A chemical approximation to the modal QAPF classification of the igneous rocks. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen. 136, pp. 169–206.
- Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 42, pp. 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19
- Tanaka, T. and 13 others. 2000. JNdi-1: a neodymium isotopic reference in consistency with LaJolla neodymium. Chemical Geology, 168, pp. 279–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00198-4
- Tatsumi, Y. and Kogiso, T. 2003, The subduction factory: Its role in the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle. In Intra-oceanic subduction systems: tectonic and magmatic processes. Edited by R.D. Larter and P.T. Leat. Geological Society London Special Publication, 219, pp. 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.219.01.03
- Vaccaro, M. 2020. Petrology, age and tectonic setting of the Gunshot Brook pluton, eastern Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia. Unpublished BScH thesis. Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, 107 p.
- van Staal, C.R., Barr, S.M., McCausland, P.M., Thompson, M.D., and White, C.E. 2021. Tonian–Ediacaran tectonomagmatic evolution of West Avalonia and its Ediacaran–Early Cambrian interactions with Ganderia: an example of complex terrane transfer due to arc-arc collision? In Pannotia to Pangaea: Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic Orogenic Cycles in the Circum-Atlantic Region. Edited by J.B. Murphy, R.A. Strachan, and C. Quesada. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 503, pp. 143–167. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP503-2020-23
- Waldron, J.W.F, Barr, S.M., Park, A.F., White, C.E., and Hibbard, J. P. 2015. Late Paleozoic strike-slip faults in Maritime Canada and their role in the reconfiguration of the northern Appalachian orogen. Tectonics: 34, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003882
- Waldron, J.W.F., McCausland, P.J.A., Barr, S.M., Schofield, D.I., Reusch, D., and Wu, L. 2022. Terrane history of the Iapetus Ocean as preserved in the northern Appalachians and western Caledonides. Earth-Science Reviews, 233, 104163, 75 p. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104163
- Whalen, J.B., and Frost, C.D. 2013. The Q-ANOR diagram: A tool for the petrogenetic and tectonomagmatic characterization of granitic suites. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 45(3), p. 24.
- Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., and Chappell, B.W. 1987. A-type granites: geochemical characteristics, discrimination, and petrogenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 95, pp. 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00402202
- White, C.E. 2013. Preliminary geology of the Antigonish Highlands, northern mainland Nova Scotia. In Mineral Resources Branch, Report of Activities 2011. Edited by D.R. MacDonald. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Report ME 2012-1, pp. 75–91.
- White, C.E. 2018. Bedrock geology map of the Antigonish Highlands area, Antigonish and Pictou counties, Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Geosciences and Mines Branch, Open File Map ME 2018-001, scale 1:75 000.
- White, C.E. and MacHattie, T.G. 2013. The eastern Cobequid Highlands, northern mainland Nova Scotia, Canada: an enigmatic piece of the Avalonian puzzle. In GAC-MAC Program with Abstracts, 36, p. 148.
- White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Archibald, D.B., Drummond, J., Voy, K, Escarraga, E.A., and MacFarlane, C.R.M. 2012. A new geological interpretation of the Antigonish Highlands, northern Nova Scotia. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources, Mineral Resources Branch, Open File Illustration 2012-002.
- White, C.E., MacHattie, T.G., and Neyedley, K. 2019a. Geochronological studies of pre-Carboniferous rocks in the Cobequid Highlands, northern mainland Nova Scotia. In Geoscience and Mines Branch, Report of Activities 2018–2019. Edited by E.W. MacDonald and D.R. MacDonald. Nova Scotia Department of Energy and Mines, Report ME 2019-002, pp. 69–76.
- White, C.E., MacHattie, T.G., Neyedley, K., and Barr, S.M. 2019b. The Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: extending the Avalonian geological record back to the early Neoproterozoic. In 54th Northeastern Annual Section Meeting, Portland, Maine, March 17–19, 2019. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 51-1. https://doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019NE-328156
- White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Hamilton, M.A., and Murphy, J.B. 2021. Age and tectonic setting of Neoproterozoic granitoid rocks, Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: Implications for Avalonia in the northern Appalachian orogen. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58, pp. 396–412. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0110
- White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Crowley, J.L., van Rooyen, D., and MacHattie, T.G. 2022. U–Pb zircon ages and Sm–Nd isotopic data from the Cobequid Highlands, Nova Scotia, Canada: New contributions to understanding the Neoproterozoic geological history of Avalonia. In New developments in the Appalachian–Caledonian–Variscan orogeny. Edited by Y. Kuiper, B. Murphy, D. Nance, R. Strachan, and M. Thompson. Geological Association of America Special Paper 554, pp. 135–172. https://doi.org/10.1130/2021.2554(07)
- Williams, H. 1979. Appalachian Orogen in Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 16, pp. 792–807. https://doi.org/10.1139/e79-070
- Winchester, J.A. and Floyd, P.A. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, pp. 325–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(77)90057-2
- Wu, L., Murphy, J.B., Collins, W.J., Waldron, J.W.F., Li, Z.-X., Pisarevsky, S., and Halverson, G.P. 2022. A trans-Iapetus transform control for the evolution of the Rheic Ocean: Implications for an early Paleozoic transition of accretionary tectonics Geological Society of America Bulletin, 134, pp. 2790–2808. https://doi.org/10.1130/B36158.1

