Abstracts
Abstract
The Cretaceous Period was a time generally of high sea levels, peaking in the Cenomanian and Turonian. With sea-level rise, the extent of shelf seas expanded, providing broad opportunities for plankton such as cystproducing dinoflagellates, which reached their maximum species richness during the Cretaceous. Because of their abundance, species richness, rapid evolution and distinctive morphology, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts) have become the most important palynological index fossils for the period. Dinocysts are almost exclusively marine, and marine successions are extensive through the Cretaceous and across the Arctic. Spores and pollen (miospores), which are almost exclusively of terrestrial origin, are less prominent as index fossils in the Early Cretaceous: taxa tend to be long-ranging and taxonomy poorly constrained. However, with the advent of angiosperms and the increasing diversity and distinctiveness in the Late Cretaceous, pollen become more useful biostratigraphically upsection. Extensive zonation schemes based on palynomorphs have been proposed from Arctic Canada, Greenland and northern Russia, but they tend to be disparate, with little commonality or mutual correlation. For that reason, we have chosen to identify Cretaceous palynological bioevents (palynoevents) that potentially extend around the Arctic. We have identified 187 bioevents: 99 first occurrences and 87 last occurrences and 129 involving dinocysts and 58 involving miospores. The bioevents have been calibrated insofar as possible to independent age control, such as biozonation schemes based on ammonites and bivalves. The relationships of each event to stages and key fossil zonal schemes is shown on chronostratigraphic plots using the 2020 version of TimeScale Creator®.
Résumé
La période du Crétacé a en général été caractérisée par des niveaux marins élevés atteignant leur maximum durant le Cénomanien et le Turonien. Avec la montée du niveau de la mer, l’étendue des mers épicontinentales s’est accrue, offrant de vastes possibilités au plancton comme les dinoflagellés producteurs de kystes, qui ont atteint leur richesse spécifique maximale durant le Crétacé. Les kystes de dinoflagellés à parois organiques (dinokystes) sont devenus, en raison de leur abondance, de leur richesse spécifique, de leur évolution rapide et de leur morphologie distinctive, les fossiles palynologiques stratigraphiques les plus importants de cette période. Les dinokystes sont presque exclusivement marins et les successions marines sont répandues tout au long du Crétacé et dans l’Arctique. Les spores et le pollen (miospores), d’origine quasi exclusivement terrestre, sont moins employés comme fossiles stratigraphiques du Crétacé précoce : les taxons ont tendance à avoir une longue durée de vie et leur taxonomie est peu précise. Cependant, avec l’apparition des angiospermes et l’augmentation de la diversité et de la spécificité au cours du Crétacé tardif, le pollen devient plus utile pour la biostratigraphie dans les niveaux plus récents de la colonne stratigraphique. Des schémas de zonation étendus basés sur les palynomorphes ont été proposés pour l’Arctique canadien, le Groenland et le nord de la Russie, mais ils ont tendance à demeurer disparates, avec peu de points communs ou de corrélations mutuelles. C’est pourquoi nous avons décidé de définir les bioévénements palynologiques du Crétacé (palynoévénements) susceptibles de s’étendre dans l’ensemble de l’Arctique. Nous avons défini 187 bioévénements: 99 premières apparitions et 87 dernières apparitions, dont 129 présentent des dinokystes et 58 des miospores. Les bioévénements ont été étalonnés dans la mesure du possible au moyen de contrôles d’âge indépendants, comme des schémas de biozonation basés sur les ammonites et les bivalves. Les liens entre chaque événement et les stades et principaux mécanismes zonaux fossiles sont illustrés dans des tracés chronostratigraphiques réalisés à l’aide de la version de 2020 de TimeScale Creator®.
Appendices
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