Abstracts
Abstract
The tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachian orogen is typically organized into orogenic episodes. The Taconian orogeny includes latest Cambrian to Late Ordovician arc-continent collision. Subsequent polarity reversal led to Silurian accretion of Ganderian terranes during Salinian orogenesis. The Acadian orogeny comprises Pridoli to Middle Devonian deformation attributed to accretion of West Avalonia to Laurentia. The term Neo-Acadian was coined by Robinson for Late Devonian to Mississippian shortening in New England, ca. 370–350 Ma, but the Indigenous-derived name Quaboagian was subsequently favoured for this episode.
The “Neoacadian” later became associated with Meguma terrane docking, but clear convergent deformation in the Meguma terrane falls outside the original Neo-Acadian interval. Folding of strata in the Meguma terrane from ca. 409 Ma, concurrent with Acadian deformation, occurred in a different tectonic environment; emplacement of subduction-related plutons followed at mainly ca. 379–372 Ma. The ca. 370–350 Ma interval saw uplift of the Meguma terrane, local plutonism, and deposition of the Horton Group in a basin-and-range setting, whereas the crust beneath the Gulf of St. Lawrence thinned to less than half normal thickness during Maritimes basin development. These anorogenic transtensional basins were probably connected with Quaboagian shortening in New England via dextral strike-slip. Shortening and inversion resumed after ca. 330 Ma, associated with dextral transpression, docking the Meguma terrane close its present-day position.
The misuse of "Neoacadian orogeny" leads to misconceptions about its timing of accretion and about ca. 370–350 Ma tectonics in Atlantic Canada, which involved extension not shortening. We recommend the term be abandoned in favour of Quaboagian and restricted to convergence in New England. Earlier deformation in the Meguma terrane may be attributed to the Kejimkujic orogeny.
Keywords:
- Acadian orogeny,
- Appalachians,
- Tectonics
Résumé
L’évolution tectonique de l’orogène appalachien septentrional est généralement structurée en épisodes orogéniques. L’orogenèse taconique englobe la collision arc-continent ayant duré de la fin du Cambrien à l’Ordovicien tardif. Une inversion de polarité subséquente a produit l’accrétion silurienne des terranes gandériens au cours de l’orogenèse salinienne. L’orogenèse acadienne inclut les déformations du Pridolien au Dévonien moyen attribuées à l’accrétion de l’Avalonie occidentale à la Laurentie. Le terme « néo-acadien » avait été proposé par Robinson pour désigner un raccourcissement ayant eu lieu en Nouvelle-Angleterre entre le Dévonien tardif et le Mississippien, vers 370 à 350 Ma, mais le qualificatif « quaboagien », découlant d’un nom autochtone, a subséquemment été privilégié pour cet épisode.
Le terme « néo-acadien » a par la suite été associé à l’arrimage du terrane de Meguma, mais la déformation convergente claire dans Meguma se situe hors de l’intervalle néo-acadien initial. Le plissement des strates dans le terrane de Meguma il y a environ 409 Ma, concomitant à la déformation acadienne, s’est déroulé dans un milieu tectonique différent; la mise en place de plutons liés à la subduction a suivi principalement entre 379 et 372 Ma. L’intervalle de 370 à 350 Ma correspond à un soulèvement du terrane de Meguma, à un plutonisme local et au dépôt du groupe de Horton dans un milieu de type « bassin à horsts et dépressions tectoniques », tandis que la croûte sous le golfe du Saint-Laurent s’est amincie à moins de la moitié de son épaisseur normale durant le développement du bassin des Maritimes. Ces bassins transtensionnels anorogéniques étaient probablement reliés au raccourcissement quaboagien qu’un décrochement dextre a causé en Nouvelle-Angleterre. Le raccourcissement et l’inversion ont repris après 330 Ma, conjointement avec une transpression dextre, arrimant le terrane de Meguma près de sa position actuelle.
L’usage erroné du terme « orogenèse néo-acadienne » crée des malentendus quant au moment de l’accrétion et à la dynamique tectonique de 370 à 350 Ma au Canada atlantique, lesquelles étaient extensives plutôt que compressives. Il est recommandé d’abandonner le terme au profit de « quaboagien » et de limiter ce dernier à la convergence de la Nouvelle-Angleterre. La déformation antérieure dans le terrane de Meguma peut être attribuée à l’orogenèse de Kejimkujic.
Appendices
Bibliography
- Abad, I., Nieto, F., Gutiérrez-Alonso, G., Murphy, J.B., Braid, J.A., and Rodríguez-Navarro, A.B. 2012. Fluid-driven low-grade metamorphism in polydeformed rocks of Avalonia (Arisaig Group, Nova Scotia, Canada). Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 105, pp. 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-012-0096-2
- Allen, J.P., Fielding, C.R., Rygel, M.C., and Gibling, M.R. 2013. Deconvolving signals of tectonic and climatic controls from continental basins: An example from the late Paleozoic Cumberland Basin, Atlantic Canada. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 83, pp. 847–872. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2013.58
- Archibald, D.B., Murphy, J.B., Reddy, S.M., Jourdan, F., Gillespie, J., and Glorie, S. 2018. Post-accretionary exhumation of the Meguma terrane relative to the Avalon terrane in the Canadian Appalachians. Tectonophysics, 747–748, pp. 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.10.016
- Archibald, D.B., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., Nickerson, S.J., Stern, R.A., Luo, Y., and Pearson, G.D. 2024. Devonian plutons in the eastern Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: zircon U–Pb, Lu–Hf, and O isotopic compositions, age, and petrogenetic implications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62, pp. 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2024-0023
- Armstrong, T.R. and Tracy, R.J. 2000. One‐dimensional thermal modelling of Acadian metamorphism in southern Vermont, USA. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 18, pp. 625–638. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2000.00284.x
- Barr, S.M., Grammatikopoulos, A.L., and Dunning, G.R. 1994. Early Carboniferous gabbro and basalt in the St. Peters area, southern Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 30, pp. 247–258. https://doi.org/10.4138/2132
- Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Miller, B.V. 2002. The Kingston terrane, southern New Brunswick, Canada: Evidence for an Early Silurian volcanic arc. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114, pp. 964–982. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0964:TKTSNB>2.0.CO;2
- Barr, S.M., Kuiper, Y.D., van Rooyen, D., and White, C.E. 2022a. Geological comparisons and correlations among crustal blocks in eastern North America, northwest Africa, and western Europe. B1 Post conference Field Trip Guidebook. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada IAH-Canadian National Committee, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. Halifax 2022, May 19-23. Atlantic Geoscience Society Special Publication, 59. 61 p.
- Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Pin, C. 2022b. Revised stratigraphy in the eastern Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada, and variations in whole-rock chemical and Sm–Nd isotopic compositions of the Goldenville and Halifax groups. Atlantic Geoscience, 58, pp. 193–213. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2022.008
- Becker, R.T., Gradstein, F.M., and Hammer, O. 2012. The Devonian Period. In The geological timescale 2012. Edited by F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M. Schmitz, and G. Ogg. Elsevier. pp. 559–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00022-6
- Becker, R.T., Marshall, J.E.A., Da Silva, A.-C., Agterberg, F.P., Gradstein, F.M., and Ogg, J.G. 2020. The Devonian Period. In Geologic time scale 2020. Elsevier. pp. 733–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824360-2.00022-X
- Belt, E.S. 1965. Stratigraphy and paleogeography of Mabou Group and related Middle Carboniferous facies, Nova Scotia, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 76, pp. 777–802. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1965)76[777:SAPOMG]2.0.CO;2
- Bickerton, L., Kontak, D.J., Murphy, J.B., Kellett, D.A., Samson, I.M., Marsh, J.H., Dunning, G., and Stern, R. 2022. The age and origin of the South Mountain Batholith (Nova Scotia, Canada) as constrained by zircon U–Pb geochronology, geochemistry, and O–Hf isotopes. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 59, pp. 418–454. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2021-0097
- Boucot, A.J. 1962. Appalachian Siluro–Devonian. In Some aspects of the Variscan fold belt: 9th Inter-University Geological Congress. Edited by K. Coe. Manchester University Press, Manchester, UK. pp. 155–163.
- Bradley, D.C. 1983. Tectonics of the Acadian orogeny in New England and adjacent Canada. The Journal of Geology, 91, pp. 381–400. https://doi.org/10.1086/628785
- Bradley, D.C., Tucker, R.D., Lux, D., Harris, A.G., and McGregor, D.C. 2000. Migration of the Acadian orogen and foreland basin across the northern Appalachians. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1615. 49 p. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1624
- Braid, J.A. and Murphy, J.B. 2006. Acadian deformation in the shallow crust: an example from the Siluro–Devonian Arisaig Group, Avalon terrane, mainland Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 43, pp. 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1139/e05-106
- Cannon, W.F. 1960. The uniformitarian-catastrophist debate. Isis, 51, pp. 38–55. The University of Chicago Press, The History of Science Society. https://doi.org/10.1086/348838
- Clarke, D.B., MacDonald, M.A., and Tate, M.C. 1997. Late Devonian mafic-felsic magmatism in the Meguma Zone, Nova Scotia. In The nature of magmatism in the Appalachian orogen. Edited by A.K. Sinha, J.B. Whalen, and J.P. Hogan. Geological Society of America Memoir, 191. pp. 107–127. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1191-6.107
- Clarke, D.B., MacDonald, M.A., and McKenzie, C.B. 2025. Tectonic timing of emplacement of the South Mountain Batholith, southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geoscience, 61, pp. 015–075. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2025.002
- Cohen, K.M., Harper, D.A.T., Gibbard, P.L., and Fan, J.-X. 2013. The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes, 36, pp. 119–204. Updated 2024. https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2013/v36i3/002
- Colman-Sadd, S.P., Dunning, G.R., and Dec, T. 1992. Dunnage–Gander relationships and Ordovician orogeny in central Newfoundland; a sediment provenance and U–Pb age study. American Journal of Science, 292, pp. 317–355. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.292.5.317
- Culshaw, N. and Liesa, M. 1997. Alleghenian reactivation of the Acadian fold belt, Meguma zone, southwest Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, pp. 833–847. https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-068
- Culshaw, N.G. and Reynolds, P. 1997. 40Ar/39Ar age of shear zones in the southwest Meguma Zone between Yarmouth and Meteghan, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 34, pp. 848–853. https://doi.org/10.1139/e17-069
- Dana, J.D. 1890. Archean axes of eastern North America. American Journal of Science, 39, pp. 378–383. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-39.233.378
- Dostal, J., Keppie, D.J., Jutras, P., Miller, B.V., and Murphy, B.J. 2006. Evidence for the granulite-granite connection: Penecontemporaneous high-grade metamorphism, granitic magmatism and core complex development in the Liscomb Complex, Nova Scotia, Canada. Lithos, 86, pp. 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.04.002
- Dunning, G.R., O'Brien, S.J., Colman-Sadd, S.P., Blackwood, R.F., Dickson, W.L., O'Neill, P.P., and Krogh, T.E. 1990. Silurian orogeny in the Newfoundland Appalachians. The Journal of Geology, 98, pp. 895–913. https://doi.org/10.1086/629460
- Dunning, G.R., Barr, S.M., Giles, P.S., McGregor, D.C., Pe-Piper, G., and Piper, D.J.W. 2002. Chronology of Devonian to Early Carboniferous rifting and igneous activity in southern Magdalen Basin based on U–Pb (zircon) dating. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, pp. 1219–1237. https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-037
- Durling, P.W. and Marillier, F.J.Y. 1990. Structural trends and basement rock subdivisions in the western Gulf of St. Lawrence, northern Appalachians. Atlantic Geology, 26, pp. 79–95. https://doi.org/10.4138/1694
- Durling, P. and Marillier, F. 1993. Tectonic setting of Middle Devonian to Lower Carboniferous rocks in the Magdalen Basin. Atlantic Geology, 29, pp. 199–217. https://doi.org/10.4138/2008
- Eusden, J.D. and Lyons, J.B. 1993. The sequence of Acadian deformations in central New Hampshire. In Geological Society of America Special Papers. Geological Society of America. pp. 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE275-p51
- Eusden, J.D., Garesche, J.M., Johnson, A.H., Maconochie, J.-M., Peters, S.P., OʼBrien, J.B., and Widmann, B.L. 1996. Stratigraphy and ductile structure of the Presidential Range, New Hampshire: Tectonic implications for the Acadian orogeny. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, pp. 417–436. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0417:SADSOT>2.3.CO;2
- Gibbons, W., Doig, R., Gordon, T., Murphy, B., Reynolds, P., and White, J.C. 1996. Mylonite to megabreccia: Tracking fault events within a transcurrent terrane boundary in Nova Scotia, Canada. Geology, 24, pp. 411–414. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0411:MTMTFE>2.3.CO;2
- Gibling, M.R., Culshaw, N., Pascucci, V., Waldron, J.W.F., and Rygel, M.C. 2019. Chapter 6 - The Maritimes Basin of Atlantic Canada: basin creation and destruction during the Paleozoic assembly of Pangea. In The sedimentary basins of the United States and Canada, 2nd edition. Edited by A.D. Andrew D. Miall. Elsevier. pp. 267–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63895-3.00006-1
- Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G. (Editors). 2012. A geologic time scale 2012. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1144 p. https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2012/0020
- Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G. (Editors). 2020. Geologic time scale 2020. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1390 p. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2020/0634
- Hamblin, A.P. 1989. Sedimentology, tectonic control, and resource potential of the Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous Horton Group, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, 300 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/126572
- Hatcher, R.D. 1981. Thrusts and nappes in the North American Appalachian orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 9, pp. 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1981.009.01.44
- Hibbard, J. and Waldron, J.W.F. 2009. Truncation and translation of Appalachian promontories: Mid-Paleozoic strike-slip tectonics and basin initiation. Geology, 37, pp. 487–490. https://doi.org/10.1130/G25614A.1
- Hibbard, J.P., van Staal, C.R., and Rankin, D.W. 2010. Comparative analysis of the geological evolution of the northern and southern Appalachian orogen: Late Ordovician–Permian. In From Rodinia to Pangea: The lithotectonic record of the Appalachian region. Edited by R.P. Tollo, M.J. Bartholomew, J.P. Hibbard, and P.M. Karabinos. Geological Society of America Memoir. pp. 51–69. https://doi.org/10.1130/2010.1206(03)
- Hicks, R.J., Jamieson, R.A., and Reynolds, P.H. 1999. Detrital and metamorphic 40Ar/39Ar ages from muscovite and whole-rock samples, Meguma Supergroup, southern Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 36, pp. 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1139/e98-081
- Hillenbrand, I.W. and Williams, M.L. 2021. Paleozoic evolution of crustal thickness and elevation in the northern Appalachian orogen, USA. Geology, 49, pp. 946–951. https://doi.org/10.1130/G48705.1
- Hillenbrand, I.W., Williams, M.L., Li, C., and Gao, H. 2021. Rise and fall of the Acadian altiplano: Evidence for a Paleozoic orogenic plateau in New England. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 560, Article no. 116797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116797
- Hillenbrand, I., Williams, M.L., Jercinovic, M.J., Heizler, M.T., and Tjapkes, D.J. 2023a. Petrochronologic constraints on Paleozoic tectonics in southern New England. In Laurentia: turning points in the evolution of a continent. Edited by S.J. Whitmeyer, M.L. Williams, D.A. Kellett, and B. Tikoff. Geological Society of America. pp. 505–532. https://doi.org/10.1130/2022.1220(25)
- Hillenbrand, I.W., Williams, M.L., Peterman, E.M., Jercinovic, M.J., and Dietsch, C.W. 2023b. Petrochronologic constraints on inverted metamorphism, terrane accretion, thrust stacking, and ductile flow in the Gneiss Dome belt, northern Appalachian orogen. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 41, pp. 1197–1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12741
- Jackson, H.R., Chian, D., Funck, T., Barr, S.M., Shimeld, J., White, C.E., and Salisbury, M. 2024. Geological interpretation of wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profiles along the Scotian margin and across Nova Scotia, Canada. Tectonophysics, 879, Article no. 230315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2024.230315
- Keen, C.E., Kay, W.A., Keppie, J.D., Marillier, F., Pe-Piper, G., and Waldron, J.W.F. 1991. Deep seismic reflection data from the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine: tectonic implications for the northern Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, pp. 1096–1111. https://doi.org/10.1139/e91-099
- Keppie, J.D. 1985. The Appalachian collage. In The Caledonide orogen - Scandinavia and related areas. Part 2. Edited by D.G. Gee and B.A. Sturt. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, United Kingdom, United Kingdom. pp. 1217–1226. Available from https://login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=geh&AN=1986-073503&site=ehost-live&scope=site.
- Lacombe, R.A., Waldron, J.W.F., and Williams, S.H. 2020. Tectonics and foreland basin development at the leading edge of the Humber Arm Allochthon, western Newfoundland, Canadian Appalachians. American Journal of Science, 320, pp. 450–477. https://doi.org/10.2475/05.2020.02
- Li, C., Gao, H., Williams, M.L., and Levin, V. 2018. Crustal thickness variation in the northern Appalachian Mountains: implications for the geometry of 3-D tectonic boundaries within the crust. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, pp. 6061–6070. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078777
- Macdonald, F.A., Ryan-Davis, J., Coish, R.A., Crowley, J.L., and Karabinos, P. 2014. A newly identified Gondwanan terrane in the northern Appalachian Mountains: Implications for the Taconic orogeny and closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Geology, 42, pp. 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1130/G35659.1
- MacDonald, L.A., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Ketchum, J.W.F. 2002. Petrology, age, and tectonic setting of the White Rock Formation, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia; evidence for Silurian continental rifting. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 39, pp. 259–277. https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-074
- Marillier, F. and Verhoef, J. 1989. Crustal thickness under the Gulf of St. Lawrence, northern Appalachians, from gravity and deep seismic data. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, pp. 1517–1532. https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-130
- Marillier, F., Keen, C.E., Stockmal, G.S., Quinlan, G., Williams, H., Colman-Sadd, S.P., and O'Brien, S.J. 1989. Crustal structure and surface zonation of the Canadian Appalachians: implications of deep seismic reflection data. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 26, pp. 305–321. https://doi.org/10.1139/e89-025
- Martel, A.T. and Gibling, M.R. 1996. Stratigraphy and tectonic history of the Upper Devonian to lower Carboniferous Horton Bluff Formation, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 32, pp. 13–38. https://doi.org/10.4138/2076
- Martel, A.T., McGregor, D.C., and Utting, J. 1993. Stratigraphic significance of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous miospores from the type area of Horton Group, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, pp. 1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-092
- Massey, M.A., Moecher, D.P., Walker, T.B., O'Brien, T.M., and Rohrer, L.P. 2017. The role and extent of dextral transpression and lateral escape on the post-Acadian tectonic evolution of south-central New England. American Journal of Science, 317, pp. 34–94. https://doi.org/10.2475/01.2017.02
- Massonne, H.-J., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Miller, B.V. 2018. The Pocologan metamorphic suite of southern New Brunswick, Canada: New constraints on age and conditions of medium- to high-pressure metamorphism on the Ganderian margin of the Rheic Ocean. Tectonophysics, 747–748, pp. 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.09.006
- Moran, P.C., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Hamilton, M.A. 2007. Petrology, age, and tectonic setting of the Seal Island Pluton, offshore southwestern Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, pp. 1467-1478. https://doi.org/10.1139/e07-023
- Morelli, R.M., Creaser, R.A., Selby, D., Kontak, D.J., and Horne, R.J. 2005. Rhenium–Osmium geochronology of arsenopyrite in Meguma Group gold deposits, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: evidence for multiple gold-mineralizing events. Economic Geology, 100, pp. 1229–1242. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.6.1229
- Mughal, M.S., Zhang, C., Hussain, A., Rehman, H.U., Du, D., Baig, M.S., Basharat, M., Zhang, J., Zheng, Q., and Hussain, S.A. 2020. Petrogenesis and geochronology of Tianshui Granites from Western Qinling Orogen, Central China: implications for Caledonian and Indosinian orogenies on the Asian Plate. Minerals, 10, Article no. 515. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060515
- Murphy, J.B. and Collins, A.S. 2008. 40Ar/39Ar white mica ages reveal Neoproterozoic/Paleozoic provenance and an Alleghanian overprint in coeval Upper Ordovician–Lower Devonian rocks of Meguma and Avalonia. Tectonophysics, 461, pp. 265–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.033
- Murphy, J.B., Fernández-Suárez, J., Keppie, J.D., and Jeffries, T.E. 2004. Contiguous rather than discrete Paleozoic histories for the Avalon and Meguma terranes based on detrital zircon data. Geology, 32, pp. 585–588. https://doi.org/10.1130/G20351.1
- Murphy, J.B., Waldron, J.W.F., Kontak, D., Pe-Piper, G., and Piper, D.J.W. 2011. Minas Fault Zone: Late Paleozoic history of an intra-continental orogenic transform fault in the Canadian Appalachians. Journal of Structural Geology, 33, pp. 312–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.11.012
- Nagurney, A.B., Caddick, M.J., and White, C.E. 2022. Garnet crystallization mechanisms and localized polymetamorphism in the southwestern Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 40, pp. 1383–1404.https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12678
- Neuman, R.B. 1967. Bedrock geology of the Shin Pond and Stacyville Quadrangles, Penobscot County, Maine. United States Geological Survey; Professional Paper, 524-1. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp524I
- Neuman, R.B. 1987. Type section of the Early Ordovician Shin Brook Formation and evidence of the Penobscot orogeny, northern Penobscot County, Maine. In Centennial Field Guide Volume 5: Northeastern Section of the Geological Society of America. Edited by D.C. Roy. Geological Society of America. pp. 307–309. https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-5405-4.307
- Nilsen, T.H. and McLaughlin, R.J. 1985. Comparison of tectonic framework and depositional patterns of the Hornelen strike-slip basin of Norway and the Ridge and Little Sulphur Creek strike-slip basins of California. In Strike-slip deformation, basin formation, and sedimentation. Edited by K.T. Biddle and N. Christie-Blick. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 37, pp. 79–103. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.85.37.0079
- O'Neill, P.P. and Blackwood, R.F. 1989. A proposal for revised stratigraphic nomenclature of the Gander and Davidsville groups and the Gander River ultrabasic belt, of northeastern Newfoundland. In Research 1989, Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey of Newfoundland, Report 89-1, pp. 127–130. URL <https://www.gov.nl.ca/nr/files/mines-geoscience-publications-currentresearch-1989-oneill-blackwood.pdf>, 29 July 2020.
- Park, A.F. and Hinds, S.J. 2020. Structure and stratigraphy in the Pennsylvanian tectonic zone of southern New Brunswick, Canada: the 'Maritime coastal disturbance' revisited. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 443–468. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP503-2019-234
- Park, A.F., Hinds, S.J., McFarlane, C.R.M., Boucher, B., Stimson, M.R., and Clark, P. 2024. Petrography, geochemistry, age, and stratigraphic significance of the Mississippian Boyd Creek tuff, southern New Brunswick, Canada. Atlantic Geoscience, 60, pp. 015–035. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2024.002
- Pe-Piper, G., Piper, D.J.W., McFarlane, C.R.M., Sangster, C., Zhang, Y., and Boucher, B. 2018. Petrology, chronology and sequence of vein systems: Systematic magmatic and hydrothermal history of a major intracontinental shear zone, Canadian Appalachians. Lithos, 304–307, pp. 298–310.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.02.016
- Pharaoh, T.C., Webb, P.C., Thorpe, R.S., and Beckinsale, R.D. 1989. Geochemical evidence for the tectonic setting of late Proterozoic volcanic suites in central England. In Geochemistry and mineralization of Proterozoic volcanic suites. Edited by T.C. Pharaoh, R.D. Beckinsale, and D. Rickard. Geological Society Special Publication, 33. pp. 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.36
- Piette-Lauzière, N., Larson, K.P., Kellett, D.A., Rogers, N., and Powell, J. 2024a. Late Devonian shear-zone reactivation in the Canadian Appalachian orogen. In Supercontinents, orogenesis and magmatism. Edited by R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, C. Quesada, and S. Lin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 542–350. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP542-2022-350
- Piette-Lauzière, N., Larson, K.P., Kellett, D.A., Harris, L., Cleven, N., and Rogers, N. 2024b. Late Devonian syntaxis in the northern Appalachian orogen. In Supercontinents, orogenesis and magmatism. Edited by R.D. Nance, R.A. Strachan, C. Quesada, and S. Lin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. pp. 259–286. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP542-2022-352
- Pinet, N., Keating, P., Lavoie, D., Dietrich, J., Duchesne, M.J., and Brake, V. 2012. Revisiting the Appalachian structural front and offshore Anticosti Basin (northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada) by integrating old and new geophysical datasets. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 32, pp. 50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2011.12.004
- Pinet, N., Dietrich, J., Duchesne, M.J., Hinds, S.J., and Brake, V. 2018. Low-angle faulting in strike-slip dominated settings: Seismic evidence from the Maritimes Basin, Canada. Tectonophysics, 738–739, pp. 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2018.05.013
- Piper, D.J.W. and Pe-Piper, G. 2021. Evolution of late Paleozoic shearing in the Cobequid Highlands: constraints on the fragmentation of the Appalachian orogen in Nova Scotia along intra-continental shear zones. In Pannotia to Pangaea: Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic orogenic cycles in the Circum-Atlantic region. Edited by J.B. Murphy, R.A. Strachan, and C. Quesada. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 423–442. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP503-2019-239
- Piper, D.J.W. and Pe-Piper, G. 2025. Cretaceous inversion of the Fundy Basin: causes and consequences. Presentation at the 51st Colloquium and Annual General Meeting, February 7–8, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geoscience, 61, p. 144. http://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2025.005
- Piper, D.J.W., Pe-Piper, G., and Douglas, E.V. 2005. Tectonic deformation and its sedimentary consequences during deposition of the Lower Cretaceous Chaswood Formation, Elmsvale Basin, Nova Scotia. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 53, pp. 189–199. https://doi.org/10.2113/53.2.189
- Plint, H.E. and Jamieson, R.A. 1989. Microstructure, metamorphism and tectonics of the western Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 7, pp. 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1989.tb00606.x
- Pothier, H.D., Waldron, J.W.F., Schofield, D.I., and DuFrane, S.A. 2015a. Peri-Gondwanan terrane interactions recorded in the Cambrian–Ordovician detrital zircon geochronology of north Wales. Gondwana Research, 28, pp. 987–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.08.009
- Pothier, H.D., Waldron, J.W.F., DuFrane, S.A., White, C.E., and Jamieson, R.A. 2015b. Stratigraphy, provenance and tectonic setting of the Lumsden Dam and Bluestone Quarry formations (Lower Ordovician), Halifax Group, Nova Scotia. Atlantic Geology, 51, pp. 51–83. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2015.003
- Reynolds, P.H., Barr, S.M., White, C.E., and Ténière, P.J. 2004. 40Ar/39Ar dating in the Lochaber–Mulgrave area, northern mainland Nova Scotia: implications for timing of regional metamorphism and sediment provenance in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous Horton Group. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 41, pp. 987–996. https://doi.org/10.1139/e04-050
- Robinson, P. 2003. Tectonic-stratigraphic-metamorphic perspective of the New England Caledonides, west-central Massachusetts. In Guidebook for Field Trips in the Five College Region, Annual Meeting of the New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference. Edited by J.B. Brady and J.T. Cheney. pp. A1-1–A1-54.
- Robinson, P., Tucker, R.D., Bradley, D., Berry IV, H.N., and Osberg, P.H. 1998. Paleozoic orogens in New England, USA. GFF, 120, pp. 119–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/11035899801202119
- Ryan, P.D. and Dewey, J.F. 2019. The Ordovician Grampian Orogeny, Western Ireland: obduction versus "bulldozing" during arc-continent collision. Tectonics, 38, pp. 3462–3475. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019TC005602
- Schenk, P.E. 1973. Nova Scotia, Morocco and continental drift. In Earth Sciences Symposium on Offshore Eastern Canada. Edited by P.J. Hood. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 71-23, pp. 219–222. https://doi.org/10.4095/105227
- Schenk, P.E. 1997. Sequence stratigraphy and provenance on Gondwana's margin: The Meguma Zone (Cambrian to Devonian) of Nova Scotia, Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 109, pp. 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0395:SSAPOG>2.3.CO;2
- Schlische, R.W. 1993. Anatomy and evolution of the Triassic–Jurassic continental rift system, eastern North America. Tectonics, 12, pp. 1026–1042. https://doi.org/10.1029/93TC01062
- Schuchert, C. 1923. Sites and nature of the North American geosynclines. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 34, pp. 151–230. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-34-151
- Schuchert, C. 1930. Orogenic times of the Northern Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 31, pp. 701–724. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-41-701
- Snyder, M.E. and Waldron, J.W.F. 2021. Deformation of soft sediments and evaporites in a tectonically active basin: Bay St. George sub-basin, Newfoundland, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 57, pp. 275–304. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2021.013
- St. Peter, C.J. and Johnson, S.C. 2009. Stratigraphy and structural history of the late Paleozoic Maritimes Basin in southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources, Memoir, 3. 348 p.
- Stea, R.R. and Pullan, S.E. 2001. Hidden Cretaceous basins in Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 38, pp. 1335–1354. https://doi.org/10.1139/e01-023
- Thompson, J.B., Robinson, P., Clifford, T.N., and Trask, N.J. 1968. Nappes and gneiss domes in west-central New England. In Studies of Appalachian Geology: Northern and maritime. Edited by E. Zen, W.S. White, J.B. Hadley, and J.A. Thompson. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY. pp. 203–218.
- Tremblay, A. and Castonguay, S. 2002. Structural evolution of the Laurentian margin revisited (southern Quebec Appalachians): Implications for the Salinian orogeny and successor basins. Geology, 30, pp. 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0079:SEOTLM>2.0.CO;2
- Tucker, R.D., Bradley, D.C., Ver Straten, C.A., Harris, A.G., Ebert, J.R., and McCutcheon, S.R. 1998. New U–Pb zircon ages and the duration and division of Devonian time. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 158, pp. 175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00050-8
- Tucker, R.D., Osberg, P.H., and Berry, H.N. 2001. The geology of part of Acadia and the nature of the Acadian orogeny across central and eastern Maine. American Journal of Science, 301, pp. 205–260. https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.301.3.205
- van Rooyen, D., Archibald, D., White, C.E., Everest, R.L., Ross, C.G., and Smit, M. 2024. New constraints on the timing and nature of metamorphism in the eastern Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 62, pp. 455–483. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2024-0024
- van Staal, C.R. 2005. North America; Northern Appalachians. In Encyclopedia of geology. Edited by R.C. Selley, L.R.M. Cocks, and I.R. Plimer. pp. 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00407-X
- van Staal, C.R. and Barr, S.M. 2012. Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Canadian Appalachians and associated Atlantic margin. In Tectonic styles in Canada: the LITHOPROBE Perspective. Edited by J.A. Percival, F.A. Cook, and R.M. Clowes. Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper, 49. pp. 41–95.
- van Staal, C.R. and Dewey, J.F. 2023. A review and tectonic interpretation of the Taconian-Grampian tract between Newfoundland and Scotland: diachronous accretion of an extensive forearc-arc-backarc system to a hyperextended Laurentian margin and subsequent subduction polarity reversal. In The consummate geoscientist: a celebration of the career of Maarten de Wit. Edited by A.J. Hynes and J.B. Murphy. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp. 11–46. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP531-2022-152
- van Staal, C.R., Dewey, J.F., MacNiocaill, C., and McKerrow, W.S. 1998. The Cambrian–Silurian tectonic evolution of the northern Appalachians and British Caledonides: history of a complex, west and southwest Pacific-type segment of Iapetus. In Lyell: the Past is the Key to the Present. Edited by D.J. Blundell and A.C. Scott. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 143. pp. 199–242. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.143.01.17
- van Staal, C.R., Currie, K.L., Rowbotham, G., Rogers, N., and Goodfellow, W. 2008. Pressure-temperature paths and exhumation of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian blueschists and associated metamorphic nappes of the Salinic Brunswick subduction complex, northern Appalachians. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 120, pp. 1455–1477. https://doi.org/10.1130/B26324.1
- van Staal, C.R., Whalen, J.B., Valverde-Vaquero, P., Zagorevski, A., and Rogers, N. 2009. Pre-Carboniferous, episodic accretion-related, orogenesis along the Laurentian margin of the northern Appalachians. In Ancient orogens and modern analogues. Edited by J.B. Murphy, J.D. Keppie, and A.J. Hynes. Geological Society of London Special Publication. pp. 271–316. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP327.13
- Viele, G. W. and Thomas, W. A. 1989. Tectonic synthesis of the Ouachita orogenic belt. In The Appalachian-Ouachita orogen in the United States. Edited by R.D. Hatcher Jr., W.A. Thomas, and G.W. Viele. Geological Society of America, Geology of North America, F-2, pp. 695–728.
- Waldron, J.W.F. and Jensen, L.R. 1985. Sedimentology of the Goldenville Formation, Eastern Shore, Nova Scotia. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 85–15. 31 p. https://doi.org/10.4095/120314
- Waldron, J.W.F. and van Staal, C.R. 2001. Taconian orogeny and the accretion of the Dashwoods block : A peri-Laurentian microcontinent in the Iapetus Ocean. Geology, 29, pp. 811–814. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0811:TOATAO>2.0.CO;2
- Waldron, J.W.F., White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Simonetti, A., and Heaman, L.M. 2009. Provenance of the Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia: rifted margin of early Paleozoic Gondwana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 46, pp. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-004
- Waldron, J.W.F., Roselli, C.G., Utting, J., and Johnston, S.K. 2010. Kennetcook thrust system: Late Paleozoic transpression near the southern margin of the Maritimes Basin, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 47, pp. 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1139/E09-071
- Waldron, J.W.F., Schofield, D.I., White, C.E., and Barr, S.M. 2011. Cambrian successions of the Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada, and Harlech Dome, North Wales, UK: dispersed fragments of a peri-Gondwanan basin? Journal of the Geological Society, 168, pp. 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492010-068
- Waldron, J.W.F., Rygel, M.C., Gibling, M.R., and Calder, J.H. 2013. Evaporite tectonics and the late Paleozoic stratigraphic development of the Cumberland basin, Appalachians of Atlantic Canada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 125, pp. 945–960. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30718.1
- Waldron, J.W.F., Barr, S.M., Park, A.F., White, C.E., and Hibbard, J.P. 2015. Late Paleozoic strike-slip faults in Maritime Canada and their role in the reconfiguration of the northern Appalachian orogen. Tectonics, 34, pp. 1661–1684. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003882
- Waldron, J.W.F., Giles, P.S., and Thomas, A.K. 2017. Correlation chart for late Devonian to Permian stratified rocks of the Maritimes Basin, Atlantic Canada. Nova Scotia Department of Energy Open File Report, 2017-02.
- Waldron, J.W.F., Snyder, M.E., and Thomas, A.K. 2022a. Salt tectonics along a Late Paleozoic transform fault, Nova Scotia. A1 Pre-conference Field Trip Guidebook. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada IAH-Canadian National Committee, Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. Halifax 2022, May 19-23., 88 p.
- Waldron, J.W.F., McCausland, P.J.A., Barr, S.M., Schofield, D.I., Reusch, D., and Wu, L. 2022b. Terrane history of the Iapetus Ocean as preserved in the northern Appalachians and western Caledonides. Earth-Science Reviews, 233, Article no. 104163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104163
- Warsame, H.S., McCausland, P.J.A., White, C.E., Barr, S.M., Dunning, G.R., and Waldron, J.W.F. 2021. Silurian age and paleomagnetism of the Mavillette gabbro, Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 58, pp. 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0089
- West, D.P., Jr., Beal, H.M., and Grover, T.W. 2003. Silurian deformation and metamorphism of Ordovician arc rocks of the Casco Bay Group, south-central Maine. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 40, pp. 887–905. https://doi.org/10.1139/e03-021
- White, C.E. and Barr, S.M. 2017. Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Silurian–Devonian Rockville Notch Group, Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada. Atlantic Geology, 53, pp. 337–365. https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2017.015
- White, C.E., Barr, S.M., and Linnemann, U. 2018. U–Pb (zircon) ages and provenance of the White Rock Formation of the Rockville Notch Group, Meguma terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: evidence for the "Sardian gap" and West African origin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 55, pp. 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0196
- White, S.E. and Waldron, J.W.F. 2022. Along-strike variations in the deformed Laurentian margin in the Northern Appalachians: Role of inherited margin geometry and colliding arcs. Earth-Science Reviews, 226, Article no. 103931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103931
- Wilson, R.A. and Kamo, S.L. 2012. The Salinic Orogeny in northern New Brunswick: geochronological constraints and implications for Silurian stratigraphic nomenclature. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 49, pp. 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1139/e11-041
- Wilson, R.A., van Staal, C.R., and Kamo, S.L. 2017. Rapid transition from the salinic to Acadian orogenic cycles in the northern Appalachian orogen: Evidence from northern New Brunswick, Canada. American Journal of Science, 317, pp. 449–482. https://doi.org/10.2475/04.2017.02
- Wintsch, R.P., Yi, K., and Dorais, M.J. 2014. Crustal thickening by tectonic wedging of the Ganderian rocks, southern New England, USA: Evidence from cataclastic zircon microstructures and U-Pb ages. Journal of Structural Geology, 69, pp. 428–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.07.019
- Withjack, M.O., Olsen, P.E., and Schlsche, R.W. 1995. Tectonic evolution of the Fundy rift basin, Canada: evidence of extension and shortening during passive margin development. Tectonics, 14, pp. 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1029/94TC03087
- Withjack, M.O., Schlische, R.W., and Baum, M.S. 2009. Extensional development of the Fundy rift basin, southeastern Canada. Geological Journal, 44, pp. 631–651. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1186
- Xu, H., Guo, X., Cao, Z., Alves, T.M., Tao, Z., Wang, B., Chen, J., Zuo, G., Zhang, X., and Luo, T. 2025. Petroleum-charge history of Paleozoic carbonates in the Tahe oil field, Tarim Basin, northwestern China: Insights from oil geochemistry, fluid inclusion, and U–Pb dating. AAPG Bulletin, 109, pp. 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1306/10072422148
- Zhang, H., Xu, G., Yang, T., and Zhou, J. 2023. Developmental characteristics and genetic model of Ordovician karst porosity in the southern margin of Northern China. Carbonates and Evaporites, 38, Article no. 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-023-00845-1
- Zhao, Y.-L., Qin, X.-F., Hu, G.-A., Ma, Q.-F., Li, D.-R., Sun, Q.-B., and Li, Z.-J. 2025. Petrogenesis of Caledonian-age granites in Southwest China: Implications for magmatic evolution and mineralization along the southern margin of the Youjiang Basin. Geosphere, 21, pp. 266–292. https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02795.1

